Abstract
Protected areas such as the Kruger National Park (KNP) face many management challenges, of which ensuring a healthy flow of rivers into the park is one of the most important. Although previous management policies isolated the KNP from its neighbours, this position has changed as the KNP seeks to negotiate a respected ‘place’ for water and conservation in a competitive environment. A major catalyst for this re-orientation has been the response from the KNP to the growing water crisis where its position needed to be seen within the wider catchment and policy context in South Africa. This paper presents an overview of the transforming management practices of the KNP in a changing political, socio-economic and environmental context, through the lens of water resources. We show that the KNP management model moved beyond inward-looking, isolationist policies to adopt responsivity to major change factors. The new approach was applied first in the sphere of river management in the KNP after which it spread to other domains such as fire and game management. It explicitly incorporates an experimental–reflexive orientation and considers management as a process of learningby- doing. This paper strives to review the transformation since the onset of explicit adaptive management of these rivers. The development of a new stewardship, based on a stakeholdercentred vision and on learning-focused management, has been a main achievement for the KNP. A closer partnership between researchers, managers and field staff, supported with buyin and co-learning, has led to a management framework based on a clear vision informed by stakeholder involvement, an objectives hierarchy, a scoping of management options, a monitoring system and a reflective evaluation process with feedback loops. Although developed through a focus on rivers, the framework can be embraced for the management of ecosystems as a whole.Conservation implications: The explicit adoption of strategic adaptive management for the rivers entering the KNP has had considerable implications not only with regard to management practice within the park, but also for the relationships with neighbours. This has also meant setting and implementing new goals and priorities with managers and staff.
Highlights
IntroductionProtected areas such as the Kruger National Park (KNP) face many daunting management challenges, of which ensuring a regular and healthy flow of rivers through the park is arguably one of the most important
The broader context of the development of a management response approach in the Kruger National ParkProtected areas such as the Kruger National Park (KNP) face many daunting management challenges, of which ensuring a regular and healthy flow of rivers through the park is arguably one of the most important
This paper aims to provide a synthesis of a number of research initiatives that have been launched since formal adaptive management was first explicitly adopted in the early 1990s, most notably Phases II and III of the KNP Rivers Research Programme (KNPRRP), Ecosystems, Protected Areas and People Project of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN-EPP) and more recent work under the Shared Rivers Initiative (SRI) (Pollard & Du Toit 2011)
Summary
Protected areas such as the Kruger National Park (KNP) face many daunting management challenges, of which ensuring a regular and healthy flow of rivers through the park is arguably one of the most important. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the adaptive management practices of the KNP in a changing political, socio-economic and environmental context, from a water resource perspective. The aridity of the Lowveld and the frequency of drought, coupled with current and projected population densities and water demands, mean that there is insufficient water to meet current needs at the required assurance levels in most catchments (Pollard et al 1998) This situation provided a drive for further water resource developments, mainly in the http://www.koedoe.co.za doi:10.4102/koedoe.v53i2.1011. Already in the 1970s the Warden of the KNP realised that upstream impacts on the river systems were being felt within the park and correctly surmised that these were likely to worsen At that time his concerns focused primarily on the potential loss of herbivore species because of insufficient water for game. A detailed account is beyond the scope of this paper but it is instructive to note the breadth of this thinking detailed in The Kruger experience: Ecology and management of savanna heterogeneity (Du Toit, Rogers et al 2003)
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