Ritonavir–PEG 8000 Amorphous Solid Dispersions: In vitro and In vivo Evaluations

Abstract

Ritonavir is a large, lipophilic molecule that is practically insoluble in aqueous media and exhibits an exceedingly slow intrinsic dissolution rate. Although it has favorable lipophilicity, in vitro permeability studies have shown that ritonavir is a substrate of P-glycoprotein. Thus, the oral absorption of ritonavir could be limited by both dissolution and permeability, thereby making it a Class IV compound in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Because formulations rarely exert direct influence on local intestinal permeability, the effect of enhanced dissolution rate on oral absorption was explored. More specifically, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)–amorphous ritonavir solid dispersions were prepared with different drug loadings, and the in vitro and in vivo performances of the dispersions were evaluated. In vitro dissolution was conducted in 0.1N HCl with a USP Apparatus I. A crossover design was used to evaluate the oral bioavailability of amorphous dispersions relative to crystalline drug in beagle dogs. Intrinsic dissolution measurements of the two solid phases indicated a 10-fold improvement in intrinsic dissolution rate for amorphous ritonavir compared with the crystalline counterpart. In vitro dissolution of ritonavir depended on the solid phase as well as drug loading of the dispersion. In vivo study results indicate that amorphous solid dispersions containing 10–30% drug exhibited significant increases in area under the curve of concentration versus time (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) over crystalline drug. For example, 10% amorphous dispersion exhibited increases of 22- and 13.7-fold in AUC and Cmax, respectively. However, both in vitro dissolution and bioavailability decreased with increasing drug load, which led to the construction of a multiple Level C in vitro–in vivo relationship for this Class IV compound. The established relationship between in vitro dissolution and in vivo absorption can help guide formulation development. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association