Abstract
Before 1930 fraternal societies were the principal source of sickness and health insurance for American and Canadian white males. Thereafter, employer and government insurance displaced fraternal societies from primacy in the field. Critics attributed this transition to unsound fraternal pricing practices. The evidence considered here refutes that claim. Despite their hazardous pricing practices, British Columbia lodges of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows faced little risk of bankruptcy from high claims during the period 1891 to 1929. Whatever the reasons for the long-term declining trend for fraternal sickness insurance, unsound pricing practices was not one of them.
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