Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 leading causes of death worldwide responsible for over 1.5 million deaths annually. It is caused by hazardous biological pathogen (i.e., Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)) with single infectious agent, surpassing even HIV/AIDS. Roughly one-quarter of the world's population has latent TB, meaning that people have been infected by tuberculosis bacteria but have not yet developed the disease. Patients with active tuberculosis on average infect five to fifteen other people via airborne droplets. Once infected, people with HIV are 19 times more likely to develop active tuberculosis which has almost 100% mortality for this group, if not treated properly. Comparatively, 45% of HIV negative people will die if they develop active tuberculosis and are not adequately medicated. This is concerning since 95% of cases and deaths are in developing countries, where treatments and diagnosis may not be timely. Additionally, current detection methods do not distinguish active tuberculosis from a cleared or latent infection while microbiological culture of mycobacteria is slow. However, medical discoveries and newly developed technologies allowed for unification of disciplines incorporating omics into everyday biological research. The goal of this short review is to demonstrate ways in which field of multidimensional Omics could contributed to the advanced detection of infectious disease by improving accuracy and quality of patient care by implementing molecular based detection of pathogen (i.e., antigenicity and metabolomics tools) as well as personal care with follow-up monitoring care (i.e., immunogenicity and vaccinomics tools) in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tuberculosis.
Highlights
Tuberculosis (TB) has been a factor of environmental stress on our health since the beginning of human existence
In 1882, it was discovered that tuberculosis is caused by bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)
The main concern with the TST is the high-level of false positive results, triggered by the inability of the test to distinguish between TB disease, latent TB infection (LTBI), and exposure to Bacillus Calmett-Guérin (BCG) [22]
Summary
Tuberculosis (TB) has been a factor of environmental stress on our health since the beginning of human existence. Patients were starting to get isolated into sanatoriums for treatments with fresh air, good food and on occasion, even surgery. It was not until the 1940s, with the discovery of antibiotics, that treatment for TB was revolutionized [5]. TB is classified into two conditions: latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB disease. Tests: Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) or Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) These tests do not discriminate between LTBI and active TB disease and further screening is necessary for positive patients [5, 18, 21]. By examining integrated analysis of these studies, we can identify unified reaction to the infection and advance global eradication efforts
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