Abstract
BackgroundHigh sodium intake was an established risk factor for stroke and cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate factors associated with high sodium intake based on 24-h urinary sodium excretion from the MyCoSS study.MethodsThe cross-sectional survey was conducted among adults aged 18 years and above in Malaysia. A multi-stage stratified sampling was used to represent nationally. Twenty-four-hour urine was collected from a total of 900 respondents. Indirect ion-selective electrode (ISE) method was used to measure sodium intake. Descriptive and logistic regression analysis was applied to determine factors associated with high sodium intake based on 24-h urinary sodium excretion.ResultsA total of 798 respondents (76% response rate) completed the 24-h urine collection process. Logistic regression revealed that high sodium intake associated with obese [aOR 2.611 (95% CI 1.519, 4.488)], male [aOR 2.436 (95% CI 1.473, 4.030)], having a waist circumference of > 90cm for adult males [aOR 2.260 ( 95% CI 1.020, 5.009) and >80cm for adult females [aOR 1.210 (95% CI 0.556, 2.631)], being a young adult [aOR 1.977 (95% CI 1.094, 3.574)], and living in urban areas [aOR 1.701 (95% CI 1.094, 2.645)].ConclusionAdults who are obese, have a large waist circumference, of male gender, living in urban areas, and belonging to the young adult age group were found to have higher sodium intake than other demographic groups. Hence, reduction of salt consumption among these high-risk groups should be emphasised to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Highlights
High sodium intake was an established risk factor for stroke and cardiovascular diseases
Studies have shown lower sodium consumption was associated with lower systolic blood pressure(SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and it could potentially reduce the prevalence of hypertension and other health consequences [4,5,6]
We aimed to investigate factors that are associated with high sodium intake based on 24-h urinary sodium excretion among a large, nationally representative sample of the adult population in Malaysia
Summary
High sodium intake was an established risk factor for stroke and cardiovascular diseases. Excessive sodium consumption is a leading cause of high blood pressure, which can lead to greater risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1, 2]. Studies have shown lower sodium consumption was associated with lower systolic blood pressure(SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and it could potentially reduce the prevalence of hypertension and other health consequences [4,5,6]. The Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) study showed that lowering sodium in diet had an even stronger impact on reducing blood pressure and this study contributed much of the scientific basis for the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020. There were several factors which lead to high sodium intake such as age, social, culture, education, and income level [9]
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