Abstract
BackgroundScrub typhus is a mite borne zoonosis common in the tropics with no good preventive strategy. Children are also affected leading to considerable morbidity and mortality. We conducted a case control study and a vector survey to determine the risk factors for acquisition of scrub typhus.MethodsA case control study with a 1:2 case control ratio was conducted over a 2 year period at a tertiary care centre and its surrounding districts in South India. Cases were children < 15 years with confirmed scrub typhus. Controls were age and locality matched community controls without fever. Demographic, environmental and behavioural risk factors were obtained in cases and controls by an interview and an environmental survey. A vector survey was also undertaken in the immediate vicinity of the cases.ResultsCase Control study: 101 cases and 167 controls were analysed. On multivariate analysis, significant association was observed with environmental factors such as the presence of a water body within 100 m of the house (OR 3.56(1.36,9.75); p 0.011), cooking outside the house (OR 5.61 (1.51,23.01); p 0.011), owning pets (OR 3.33(1.16,9.09); p 0.031), and the presence of bushes within 5 m of the house (OR 2.78 (1.11,7.69); p 0.033). Of the behavioural factors, the child going to school by a vehicle (OR 3.12 (2.29,8.37); p 0.006) was associated with an increased risk. Drying clothes on a clothesline showed a trend towards protection from acquiring scrub typhus (OR 0.31 (0.08, 1.08); p 0.077).Vector survey:26 rodents were trapped in as many houses. Trombiculid mites were isolated in 24 houses with 9(34.6%) being able to transmit scrub typhus. 254 trombiculid mites belonging to four species and two genera were collected. Leptotrombidium deliense, (33.5%). Schoengastiella ligula, (11.0%) of the total mite specimens collected. S. ligula always co-existed with L. deliense. The estimated Chigger index for Leptotrombidium deliense and Schoengastiella ligula was 3.27and 1.08 per animal respectively.ConclusionsOur study highlights risk factors for scrub typhus, some of which may be modifiable. A clean peri-domestic environment free of vegetation, drying clothes on a clothesline and cooking indoors may decrease the risk of scrub typhus.
Highlights
Scrub typhus is a mite borne zoonosis common in the tropics with no good preventive strategy
We found certain environmental and behavioural factors that were associated with an increased risk and found some factors which were protective
A total of 254 trombiculid mites belonging to four species and two genera was collected (Table 3)
Summary
Scrub typhus is a mite borne zoonosis common in the tropics with no good preventive strategy. Children are affected leading to considerable morbidity and mortality. We conducted a case control study and a vector survey to determine the risk factors for acquisition of scrub typhus. Scrub typhus is a mite borne zoonosis endemic in the socalled tsutsugamushi triangle with an estimated 1 billion people at risk and about 1 million cases occurring annually [1]. Severe forms of the disease presenting as encephalitis with considerable mortality have been described in children [7]. Delayed diagnosis due to the nonspecific presentation, low index of suspicion and lack of availability of diagnostic tests results in significant morbidity and mortality [1, 8]. Antibiotic treatment has been shown to be effective in treating scrub typhus [9]
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