Risk Factors, Etiology, Pathology, and Diagnostic Methods for Acute Kidney Injury: A Review Study

Abstract

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by a rapid decline in kidney function, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. This review summarizes our knowledge of AKI risk factors, pathogenesis, prediction, diagnosis, and emerging management approaches. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to summarize current knowledge on AKI. Five electronic databases were searched using various combinations of search terms related to AKI’s risk factors, pathogenesis, prediction, diagnosis, and management approaches. The databases included PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Relevant publications were limited to those written in English from 2016 to 2024, but some prior studies were included if highly seminal. Reference lists were also reviewed to find other sources. The full texts of all possibly relevant articles were assessed for inclusion. Data were extracted on study details and findings concerning AKI causes, biomarkers, prediction strategies, diagnostic techniques, treatments, and perspectives to enhance prevention and outcomes. Quality was considered during data extraction, prioritizing well-performed randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and large epidemiological studies. Case reports and select editorials were included to summarize specific topics. Extracted data were narratively synthesized to provide an overview of current AKI knowledge and highlight opportunities for mitigating its impact. Through searching multiple databases using applicable index terms, hand searching reference lists, screening and extracting pertinent published literature, this review aims to understand AKI complications and advance solutions from the existing evidence base. Results: This review summarizes current knowledge on AKI risk mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, emerging therapies and implications of personalized medicine leveraging multi-omics for optimizing prediction and precision treatment. Conclusion: Despite progress, AKI has remained challenging. However, integrative approaches leveraging new technologies offer hope for improving AKI prevention and management.