Risk constraint techno-economic assessment of photovoltaic-penetrated distribution network considering hydrogen vehicles in a multi-market environment

Abstract

Challenges arising from increasing the penetration roof-top photovoltaic (PV) system are mostly related to the uncertainties concerned with PV generation units, which significantly impact the optimal operation of the power grid and may impose economic risks on the network operator. This article analyzes the real-time and day-ahead financial risk of a PV penetrated smart distribution grid with hydrogen-powered vehicles demands. The proposed approach models the uncertainties using a scenario-based method and evaluates the resultant risk of these uncertainties by utilizing the downside risk constraint (DSRC) approach. Compared to other risk-measures, DSRC method is a convex non-equilibrium approach and provides a closed-loop solution which is incorporated explicitly as a constraint in the problem. Besides, due to the linearity of the proposed DSRC method, there is no increased computational burden of the final risk-based model. The uncertainties involved in the model include PV generation, electrical demand, real-time market price, and behavior of hydrogen-powered vehicles. The studied test system is the standard IEEE 33 bus distribution network which 14 buses have installed PV with capacity of 50-150% of their peak load. The results validate a 100% reduction of expected downside risk (EDR), while the total cost is increased only by 3.8%.