Abstract
A risk assessment of deoxynivalenol (DON) was recently conducted for the residents in Henan province, China, where wheat as the staple food are highly consumed. A high-throughput sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method following 96-well μElution solid-phase extraction (SPE) were developed and validated for the determination of DON biomarkers in human urine. Isotope labelled internal standard, 13C-DON, was used for accurate quantification. Urinary samples collected from 151 healthy Chinese aged 2–78 years were processed with and without enzyme hydrolysis to determine total and free biomarkers, respectively. DON, and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) to a lesser extent, can be frequently detected in these samples both with and without enzyme hydrolysis. Free DOM-1 was detected at low level in human urine for the first time. Total DON was detected in all samples with a mean concentration at 47.6 ng mL−1. The mean and median probable daily intakes (PDI) for the whole participants, estimated to be 1.61 μg/kg bw and 1.10 μg/kg bw, both exceeded the PMTDI (1 μg/kg bw/day), indicating a potential risk for the residents in this area, especially for children and adolescents.
Highlights
Deoxynivalenol (DON), belonging to the trichothecenes group produced by Fusarium spp. is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins[1]
A number of approaches for the determination of DON biomarkers have been proposed for biological samples, involving gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)[14,15,16,17], liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)[13,18,19,20], liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)[6,21,22,23,24], and other rapid screening methods such as Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometry[25], fluorescence excitation-emission matrix[26], and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)[27]
We have developed a high-throughput UPLC-MS/MS method involving a 96-well μElution plate for the determination of total and free DON and DOM-1 in urine
Summary
Deoxynivalenol (DON), belonging to the trichothecenes group produced by Fusarium spp. is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins[1]. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) conducted a series of risk assessments and established a provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 1 μg/kg bw/day for the total amount of DON and its acetylated derivatives, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15ADON)[3]. This led to many countries setting maximum permitted levels for DON4. The labor-intensive and time-consuming steps of these conventional approaches present challenges to their further application in large-scale analysis
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