Abstract
Microextrusion-based bioprinting consists of extruding a cellularized hydrogel through a nozzle of known geometry. As a consequence of this travelling through the nozzle, shear forces will inevitably be generated upon cells during the extrusion process and have a negative effect on cell viability, proliferation and biological fate of the tissue. In the present study and for the first time in the bioprinting field, flow simulation and cells fate (lysis, necrosis, apoptosis and viable) were consolidated to establish mathematical relationships. We demonstrated that for constant residence time at wall, the higher the wall shear stress values, the lower the viable populations. Furthermore, at constant maximum wall shear stress, the longer the residence time at wall, the lower the viable populations. Regarding the quantification of the damaged fibroblasts (lysis, necrosis and apoptosis) during the microextrusion, lysis was shown to be the prevailing cell death pathway compared to necrosis and apoptosis. Finally, partial least square (PLS) modelling was able to correctly predicted viable cells’ population with a high correlation (R2 of 0.859; error of 9.2%) between predicted and measured viable cells percentage. This model was shown to be predictive over a large range of cells viability (38.5–94%) with a prediction error of only 9.2%.
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