Abstract
Between 1890 and 1903, attacking representatives of the German state and economy for their vulgar cruelty or their homosexuality moved the Social-Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) into the realm of defenders of traditional bourgeois respectability. Afterward, the party began to progressively abandon this strategy in favor of more issue-based lines of confrontation. Less than one year before the outbreak of World War I, the SPD was finally respectable and respected enough to bring together a coalition of parliamentarians from various parties (foreshadowing the Weimar Coalition of 1919) that openly challenged the head of government of the German Empire.
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