Abstract
Water is vital and an essential entity directly and indirectly for all living creatures from their birth, whereas electrical energy has a dominant role in the growth of society in general and for human beings in particular. Optimal use of water and production of electrical energy at minimum cost are potential research challenges. Hydraulic energy is one of the cheapest and the most exploited renewable energy resource for power generation worldwide, and is in line with the seventh United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 7). The Indus basin is a trans-boundary basin, and its modeling has been a source of interest for scientists and policymakers. Indus Basin Model Revised (IBMR) has many variants, all focusing on optimal use of water for irrigation purposes. In this paper, the modified IBMR model is proposed addressing both agriculture and power generation aspects simultaneously. This model optimizes the Consumer Producer Surplus (CPS) by considering different water inflow probabilities. A parameter has been introduced in the modified objective function to manipulate the supply of water to agriculture and hydropower generation. The proposed model has been implemented in Generic Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) and case studies have been investigated in presence and absence of power generation. The results obtained show that, with incorporation of hydropower, basin wide income is increased up to 11.83% using 50% exceedance probability, and results are in agreement with reference power generation estimated by National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC). The SDG 7 targets ensure the reasonable, dependable, sustainable and contemporary energy access to all. The current research is focusing on how Pakistan would achieve the SDG 7 targets. By 2040, it is anticipated that Pakistan’s energy mix will have around 40% of hydropower and 16% of renewable energy.
Highlights
IntroductionThe world has seen a surge in the construction of hydropower dams in recent decades
Whole Water Is Utilized for Agriculture If the whole water is used for agriculture purposes, the net basin-wide economic benefit calculated by using Indus Basin Model Revised (IBMR)-2021 is 33,605.85
The main objective function of IBMR-2012 that calculates Consumer Producer Surplus (CPS) has been modified to incorporate the optimal share of water for electrical power generation
Summary
The world has seen a surge in the construction of hydropower dams in recent decades. At least 3700 big dams, each with an installed hydroelectric capacity of more than 1 MW, are planned or under construction, mostly in developing nations. Because of its high altitudes in the upper Indus region and abundant water, the Indus basin has a large hydropower potential to be developed. Integrated approaches are required to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for water, energy and food requirements for the Indus basin [5]. The global warming in the region is a big threat towards water and food security. The upper Indus basin exhibits that the global pace of warming as the region is expected to reach the 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C thresholds almost a decade earlier than the corresponding warming at the global scale [6]
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