Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation is known as a new antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). It is based on the administration of a photosensitizer located in the bacterial/viral cell followed by exposure to light radiations (with a proper wavelength corresponding with the maximum value of absorption of the photosensitizer) that generate singlet oxygen or reactive oxygen species, which lead to the death of different microorganisms. This review will present an overview beyond the state-of-the-art of the photosensitizer types (based on tetra-p-sulphonated-phenyl porphyrin—TSPP, which is able to form cationic and J-aggregates forms at different pH values ((1–4) and concentrations around 10−5 M) and their applications of PDT for viruses, especially. The mechanism of dicationic and J-aggregates formation is presented in this paper, and the photophysical parameters have been collected and harmonized to support their behaviours. Studies on Herpes Simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) are useful, because without the help of HSV-1, the COVID-19 virus may not be able to cause serious illness or death in humans. This method could be a new direction for COVID treatment and immunization, either to prevent infections or to develop photoactive fabrics (e.g., masks, suits, gloves) to disinfect surfaces, under artificial light and/or natural sunlight. The use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be an alternative approach against SARS-CoV-2 that deserves to be explored.
Highlights
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy consists of the selective uptake of a photosensitizing dye, often a cationic dye by bacterial/viral cell, and subsequent irradiation of the tumor with a light flux of an appropriate wavelength matched to the absorption spectrum of the photosensitizing dye
Some aspects in relevant microbiological cultures are mentioned in order to investigate the phototoxicity of photoactive tetra-p-sulphonatedphenyl porphyrin (TSPP). Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) can be potentiated by the use of TSPP as anionic porphyrin, and the conditions to transform it into dicationic form, and J-aggregate, too
photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires the use of a photosensitizer (PS), a molecule that, after being excited by visible light, can react with dioxygen (3 O2, the atmospheric oxygen), producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) and/or superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) consists of the selective uptake of a photosensitizing dye, often a cationic dye by bacterial/viral cell, and subsequent irradiation of the tumor with a light flux of an appropriate wavelength matched to the absorption spectrum of the photosensitizing dye. This class of molecules is capable of using the energy used for excitation in order to produce reactive oxygen species (singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals, so on). Many improvements have been achieved in developing new photosensitizers and light sources suitable for antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (aPDT) used to kill protozoa, bacteria, and viruses. Some aspects in relevant microbiological cultures (viruses) are mentioned in order to investigate the phototoxicity of photoactive TSPP. aPDT can be potentiated by the use of TSPP as anionic porphyrin, and the conditions to transform it into dicationic form, and J-aggregate, too
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