Abstract
We revisit the electroweak phase transition in the standard model with a real scalar, utilizing several calculation methods to investigate scheme dependences. We quantify the numerical impacts of Nambu–Goldstone resummation, required in one of the schemes, on the strength of the first-order electroweak phase transition. We also employ a gauge-independent scheme to make a comparison with the standard gauge-dependent results. It is found that the effect of the Nambu–Goldstone resummation is typically ∼1%. Our analysis shows that both gauge-dependent and -independent methods give qualitatively the same result within theoretical uncertainties. In either methods, the scale uncertainties in the ratio of critical temperature and the corresponding Higgs vacuum expectation value are more than 10%, which signifies the importance of higher-order corrections.
Highlights
Cosmic baryon asymmetry [1] is one of the longstanding problems in particle physics and cosmology
The scale uncertainties in the ratio of critical temperature and the corresponding Higgs vacuum expectation value are more than 10%, which signifies the importance of higher-order corrections
Though the standard model (SM) can satisfy the so-called the Sakharov criteria [2] in principle, the discovered Higgs boson with a mass of 125 GeV [3] is incompatible with successful electroweak baryogenesis (EWBG) [4] since the electroweak phase transition (EWPT) is a smooth crossover [5] rather than first order with expanding bubbles
Summary
Cosmic baryon asymmetry [1] is one of the longstanding problems in particle physics and cosmology. Though the standard model (SM) can satisfy the so-called the Sakharov criteria [2] in principle, the discovered Higgs boson with a mass of 125 GeV [3] is incompatible with successful electroweak baryogenesis (EWBG) [4] since the electroweak phase transition (EWPT) is a smooth crossover [5] rather than first order with expanding bubbles. The Higgs vacuum expectation value (VEV) obtained by the effective potential can change with a varying ξ. Such an unwanted ξ dependence eventually contaminate a baryon-number preserving criterion: vC/TC ∼> 1, where TC denotes the critical temperature associated with the phase transition and vC is the doublet Higgs VEV at TC. Any phenomenological consequences derived from this criteria suffer from the ξ dependence and are unreliable unless the dependence can be kept under control
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