Revisiting CALL normalization through a Yin–Yang ecological perspective: A study on teacher intentionality and classroom technology use of a claimed reluctant user

Abstract

With the prevailing use of digital technology in language education around the globe, CALL normalization (Bax, 2003) seems to finally be approaching reality. This study revisits the concept by examining how an English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher and a claimed reluctant user of technology, Ada, navigates the ecology of CALL practice. Data from 64 h of classroom observation and multiple in-depth interviews were organized into five episodes of a hypothetical day of Ada's work life that show Ada intentionally and thoughtfully choosing her use and non-use of CALL applications. Drawing on an ecological perspective from Asia, the analysis reveals that the synergy between Ada's intentionality and technology can be considered akin to the constant dynamic balancing of the Yin–Yang relationship, in which Yin can be Ada's teacher intentionality, while Yang can be her symphonic use of technologies. The study then considers how the Yin–Yang ecological perspective and its features of complementarity, balance, and mutual constitution shed light on CALL practice as a new normal. Suggestions for CALL teacher education are provided.