Reviews on Trichinellosis (III): Cardiovascular Involvement

Abstract

Cardiovascular complaints represent the most important complications of trichinellosis and are particularly evident in the moderate and severe courses of the disease. An overview of 17 epidemiological studies on trichinellosis (including 5268 cases) indicated that cardiovascular events occurred in 26% of patients (range: 1.5%-75%). This narrative systematic review focuses exclusively on the cardiovascular involvement of trichinellosis and includes a brief overview and analysis of selected cases reported in the literature. Our primary goal was to increase the awareness of infectious diseases specialists, cardiologists, and general practitioners about these major complications and their possible fatal outcomes. To our knowledge, this is the first international review of this topic. Eighty-nine cases were detailed enough to allow pooled analysis (in terms of sex, age, source of infection, clinical characteristics, outcome, and routine laboratory parameters). The mean age of the analyzed group was 36.8±14.7 years (range: 3-80), with most cases in the age group of 18-29 years (25.8%, n=23). Males slightly predominated (53.9%), and pork was responsible for 91.2% of the infections. Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes represented the most common findings (80.9%). The mean eosinophil count was 25.9%±18.9% (range: 1-76). Heart failure significantly predominated in patients who died (p=0.047), whereas ECG abnormalities were reported more frequently in those who made complete recovery (p<0.0001). Because of their life-threatening character (our systematic analysis detected a case fatality ratio of 22.5%), we believe that cardiovascular complications must be considered in any patient suspected or diagnosed with trichinellosis. At the same time, practitioners should be able to establish the correct diagnosis in a timely manner and to make the best decision toward the management of these cases. Additionally, public health services located in endemic regions must be perpetually aware of this condition and must implement efficient prophylactic measures.