Reviews of Books

معرّفی شکارنامة ایلخانی

The article characterises the formation and development of the Estonian book science during the years 1918–1944 and gives an overview about the research on the period in the second half of the 20th century. Book science as an independent field of research started to develop in Estonia in the 1920s. Friedrich Puksoo and Richard Antik became the most significant researchers. F. Puksoo is the author of the first general overview of the history of the Estonian book, published in 1933. R. Antik made a major contribution to retrospective bibliography and book statistics. 138 publications treating the field of book science were published in Estonian language in 1918–1944. The analysis of these publications demonstrates a considerable rise in the number of publications on book history during the Year of the Book which was celebrated in 1935–1936. By the 1930s book studies had become an independent field of research which tackled both historical and contemporary issues. The article also includes a thematic analysis of the publications, which are divided into eight groups: general treatments, research on printing, publishing, book dissemination, book art, studies of a concrete book, statistical analysis and works on bibliophilism. As to the thematic structure of the publications, general treatments were the most numerous (34), history of printing, book dissemination, studies on a concrete book and book art were also popular topics of research whereas the smallest number of publications (8) were devoted to bibliophilism. The researchers of that time have made a valuable contribution in the development of book research by gathering rich factual data, elaborating the basic principles of book statistics, compiling the first general treatments of book history. During the first post-war decade, the Stalinist era, research on the book history of the the period of independence in 1918–1940 was discontinued. The treatment of the topics connected with publishing and distribution of books in 1918–1940 enlivened only during the 1970s. The leading researcher Mare Lott has written articles published in Estonian and in foreign languages. The results of her reasearch are presented most completely in her unpublished dissertation. For the larger public they are available in the collective monograph “The Estonian Book 1525–1975”, issued in 1978. Numerous diploma works and Bachelor’s thesis have been written on this period under her guidance, but the results of these works have not been published. Since perestroika the ideological constraints in the treatment of the period disappeared, but the research of the book branch of this era has not been very intensive. Among the most outstanding achievements are the collections of articles dedicated to the two leading book reserachers Fr. Puksoo and R. Antik. A research group has been formed in the Tallinn University to prepare a comprehensive work on the book branch of that period which would tackle the topic from the contemporary viewpoint.

This study aims to analyze and compare two piano method series for pre-school toddlers, namely, Faber’s My First Piano Adventure and Alfred’s Basic Piano Prep Course. Faber’s My First Piano Adventure series includes Faber’s Lesson Book A, B, C and supporting books Writing Book A, B, C. Alfred’s Basic Piano Prep Course series includes Lesson Book A, B and supporting books Technic Book A, B; Solo Book A, B; Activity & Ear Training Book A, B; Notespeller Book A, B ; as well as Theory Book A, B. This study conducts content analysis research method to analyze the course sequence and philosophy of each textbook as well as the connection between lesson books and supporting books of the series. To provide concrete references for local piano instructors to select appropriate pre-school toddler teaching materials, the study analyzes and compares the series in nine aspects: the layout and appearance of textbooks, basic concepts introduced before lessons, music reading and range, music theory, music style, playing skills, ear training, music theory exercise and creative activities. According to the result of this study, these two series provide orderly curriculum progress. Each textbook and lesson are arranged with speculative linkage. Old and new experiences are well integrated in learning. Overall, the content arrangement of Faber’s My First Piano Adventure is more lively and interesting. It provides substantial musical activities for students and instructors to participate together, despite of playing piano. In terms of curriculum schedule, Alfred’s Basic Piano Prep Course Lesson is more intensive, comparing with Faber’s My First Piano. Instructors can select appropriate textbooks according to student’s age and capability. The two series have good connection between lesson books and supporting books. The Lesson Book and Writing Book of Faber’s My First Piano Adventure seamlessly connect all concepts of music theory, sight reading, ear training, creative activities and sharpen ears and eyes with amusing music games. Alfred’s Basic Piano Prep Course comes with plenty supporting materials to support its Lesson Book; Activity & Ear Training Book gives opportunity to practice listening skill; Technic Book allows sufficient technic supplements, Notespeller Book and Theory Book provide music theory reviews; and Solo Book increases additional repertoire.

Research development has a view to produce story books mathematics. The development of story books mathematics it uses combination model of rowntree and evaluation tessmer. Model of rowntree consists of three stages, in the planning, developmental stage and the evaluation. At the evaluation an evaluation formative presented by tessmer consisting of five stage, in the self evaluation, experts review, one-to-one evaluation, small group evaluation and field test. Using techniques data collection observation. From the experts review obtained the average score the assessment of the experts on the Book 1 of 3,90% (category very valid), Book 2 of 3,90% (category very valid), Book 3 of 3,90% (category very valid), Book 4 of 3,90% (category very valid). Phase one-to-one evaluation obtained the average observations children with Book 1 of 85% (category very good), Book 2 of 86% (category very good), Book 3 of 87% (category very good), and Book 4 of 86% (category very good). The small group evaluaion obtained the average observation on the Book 1 of 88% (category very good), Books 2 of 90% (category very good), Book 3 of 91% (category very good), and Book 4 of 92% (category very good). At the field for observation test scores on the Book 1 of 95% (category very good), Books 2 of 95% (category very good), Book 3 of 91% (category very good), Books 4 of 95% (category very good). Of all stages already done so it can be concluded that story books mathematics expressed valid, practical, and have an effect potential for children.

Aiming at comprehending the concepts, attitudes and practices of the parents with infants and toddlers in Longjing Township on joint book reading, this study takes the Bookstart Project as the entering point to understand the opinions of the parents there on reading, their participation in the project, the evaluations towards the project, and the daily practice in joint book reading. Interviewees included two fathers and nine mothers from ten families, among which one family didn’t take part in the Bookstart Project. From October, 2007 to April, 2008, the families taking part in the Bookstart Project were respectively interviewed three times while the family not taking part in the project was interviewed twice, in which twenty-nine interview data were obtained totally. Among these families, the joint book reading practice of seven families was respectively observed once or twice, in which nine observation data were received. After transcription and encoding, the interview data were categorized into four topics, including the upbringing attitude and methods of parents, the reading experience and habits of parents, the progress of participating in the Bookstart Project, and the joint book reading practice of parents with infants and toddlers. In addition, after transcription and encoding, the observation data were employed to develop the categories and the sub-categories on the joint book reading strategies of parents as well as the joint book reading methods of infants and toddlers, and hence sort five interactive models for joint book reading of parents with infants and toddlers. According to the analysis results of the interview data, some parents in Longjing Township have possessed the concept of joint book reading of parents with infants and toddlers before taking part in the Bookstart Project, and joint book reading has been already a part of the daily life. These parents are not totally strange to early book reading. Based on different reasons and purposes, the parents in Longjing Township chose whether or not to take part in the Bookstart Project. Since the participants were different in participating degree, and their understanding and evaluation of the project were different, the interviewed parents could be generally classified into two types before participating in the project: the parents without the concept of joint book reading of parents with infants and toddlers and the parents already having the activities of joint book reading of parents with infants and toddlers. After the project terminated, the parents having no concept of joint book reading of parents with infants and toddlers formerly chose not to cultivate the reading habit of their children immediately; some of the parents formerly having the activities of joint book reading continued the original joint book reading activities and applied the information and resources that they learned from the parent education whereas some of them thought the project had little influence on their joint book reading activities at home and thus managed their joint book reading activities in their original way. The analysis of this investigation finds that parents electively accepted upbringing information according to their own upbringing concepts and reading attitudes, and they did not immediately change the concepts and methods because of this one-time parent education. Although parents were affirmative about the occurrence of the Bookstart Project, without the follow-up advertisements and relevant activity promotions, most resources, except the book, The Very Hungry Caterpillar, the most practically useful for parents, had been gradually forgotten until the investigators came to talk to the parents. Five interactive modes of joint book reading of these parents with their infants and toddlers are sorted from the observation data: parents initiating questions and the infants/toddlers responding; parents pointing and naming objects and the infants/toddlers repeating; parents looking at pictures to tell stories；infants/toddlers asking parents to name objects and the parents naming the objects; parents initiating questions but the infants/toddlers expressing opposite views. Finally, the researcher compares the research results with other relevant studies, discusses them, and provides suggestions for the Bookstart Project, local libraries, and future research.

Parallel Computing in Optimization.

There was a long debate on the question of the study of the Book of Songs. In that debate, there were two main theses. One of them was to revere the study in the Han Dynasty and to follow the point of Mao Heng and Cheng Hsuan then affirming the value of the foreword of the Book of Songs; other one was to revere the study in Sung Dynasty and to follow the point of Chu Hsi then refute the value of the foreword of the Book of Songs. Ku Tungkao was deeply worried about this situation. He comprehend all the theses then write Mao shih ting ku and Mao shih lei shih to the use of correcting the misunderstanding and inducting. These two books plated a carrying on and inspiring role in the study of Book of songs in the early Ching Dynasty. This paper was focused on the analysis of Ku’s study of the Book of Songs to investigate its characteristics, value and influence. There are six chapters in this paper. The first chapter is the introduction to expound the intention to research, the method of research and the commentary on the resent research. The second chapter is the investigation into two points. One is the growing of the study of the Book of songs; other one is the formation of the fashion of textual study. The study of the Book of songs was diversified by these two points. Then, the most important influence of the textual research of the Book of songs was caused by its scholium. This chapter is also the investigation into the importance of the study of things and systems in the early Ching Dynasty for it caused a deep influence of the academic approach in Ching Dynasty. The third chapter is about Ku’s brief biographical sketch, study, literary works, friends and teachers so that we can know more about him and his academic research. In this chapter, the second paragraph is about these two books, Mao shih ting ku and Mao shih lei shih. Through the versions and general form of these two books, I describe Ku’s intension to write; through the analysis of these two books, I understood Ku’s writing method. The forth chapter is about Ku’s explanation method to the Book of songs. It’s about how he quoted many words of others, checked everywhere to find the main point of the Book of songs. In this chapter, I investigated Ku’s point of view about the study of Book of songs in Mao shih ting ku. The fifth chapter is the investigation of Ku’s stubby of things and systems in Mao shih lei shih. He quoted many people’s words to find the true meaning of the Book of songs. His investigation was well-knit and with original discovery. The last chapter is the conclusion. This chapter is about Ku’s research result, academic achievement in the study of the Book of songs and contribution.

This paper intends to investigate the relationship between reading habits and audio books under the niche market of commercial downloadable audio books. In spite of the booming market of commercial audio books, the reader experience of audio books is still an under-researched area. This is the first paper aiming to investigate how commercial audio books (not audio books for the people with visual impairment) change people's reading habits in a digital era. The results showed that most participants would think listening to audio books can be equivalent to reading and audio books were more like supplements to printed works for them. Generally, participants in this project thought listening to audio books was more flexible than reading print books. In addition, it was found that downloadable audio books could help improve the experience of listening to audio books (e.g. bigger file space and smaller device size), but that they also brought new problems. According to the users' experience of listening to audio books, it is recommended that suppliers adjust their pricing model of downloadable audio books to gain more sales and adopt DAISY format to provide a better navigation system for audio books users.

A book collection in corpore is usually used to describe a historically formed, indivisible collection of books having a historic, scientific and cultural value. Specialized research on this topic in Lithuania has been scanty, if any, with the exception of research conducted on acquiring and storing book collections in libraries as well as similar topics. The article aims at investigating the theoretical aspects of using the term book collection and providing the analysis of existing practices and trends with regard to book collections both in Lithuanian and foreign libraries. To achieve this objective, the following methods of literary analysis and empirical research have been used: analysis of library websites, expert survey, interviews with the library staff taking care of book collections at their disposal. The objects of research are the book collections in corpore, acquired and stored in the National Library of Lithuania, libraries of state-level and county libraries. The libraries which decide to store and preserve book collections in corpore, undertake a museum function, that is, the inherent function pertinent to a memory institution. This function is not characteristic of public libraries. However, it is among the core functions of the libraries having the national and state status. Based on the criterion of the former owner, collections in corpore can be grouped as follows: personal libraries (the libraries of outstanding statesmen, public figures, science and culture mak­ers) and book heritage of various institutions (institutional libraries). It turned out that currently 144 collections in corpore are being stored in the National Library of Lithuania, state-level and coun­ty libraries, with personal libraries identified as the prevailing group among them (137). The seven remaining collections in corpore are institutional libraries. The analysis of the information available in library websites on the collections in corpore revealed that the material presented is rather scarce and the websites do not contain comprehensive infor­mation about the scope of the respective collections. Thus, the user’s access to information is rather restricted. Today, the acquisition of collections in corpore has been reduced in scope, reflecting the current situation in librarianship. The status of some of the libraries which have acquired a great many book collections in corpore (for example, Vilnius University Library) have to be reviewed. Hav­ing established whether we are dealing with a collection in corpore or whether it is merely a donated collection of books, we can integrate the books in question into the library holdings, marking book provenance indicators in a bibliographic description in the online catalogue. Due to their exclusiv­ity, book collections in corpore are becoming book monuments. Such a status puts their custodians under an obligation to treat them as the sets of documents having special value, that is, as book monuments.

Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) is now widely recognized as one of the most perceptive cultural critics of the modern society. Compared with many literary and cultural issues that Benjamin explores, however, his essays on children's picture books have received relatively little sustained scholarly attention in their own right. The paper proposes that there is a fitness about Benjamin's role as a thinker who theorizes children's picture books, evident in such notable examples as ”A Child's View of Color” (1914-1915), ”Notes for a Study of the Beauty of Colored Illustrations in Children's Books” (1918-1921), ”Old Forgotten Children's Books” (1924), and ”A Glimpse into The World of Children's Books” (1926). The first two were unpublished notes, and the latter two were published in literary magazines of Benjamin's times. These notes or essays are indeed part of his early writings, in which Benjamin's reflections on picture books are not systematically theorized. They are, however, inseparable from Benjamin's other writings, and constitute part of the testimonies of the development of key concepts upon which he dwells in his exploration of knowledge of experience. Picture books are, as the paper indicates, not only essential in his childhood reading, but also take an integral part in his personal collection. It is important to note that picture books also become a telling indication of Benjamin's mediation between art and philosophical contemplation when the First World War obliges him to search for a new form of knowledge of experience. In his notes and essays, the paper argues, Benjamin demonstrates that picture books are by no means a mere tool designed for pedagogical purposes. Instead, Benjamin is concerned to explore the ethical and aesthetical dimensions of children's picture books. In order to shed light on his concern, the paper teases out the issues that engage Benjamin, such as language of picture book (particularly, colors in picture books), children's perception, and the social usage (or production) of picture books.

ترسل و نامه نگاری از مقوله های مهم و مورد توجۀ تیموریان بوده است. به خصوص کتاب مخزن الانشا واعظ کاشفی سبزواری که از حمایت امیر علی شیر نوایی، وزیر دانشمند تیموریان نیز برخوردار بوده در شمار مهم ترین کتاب های ترسل است که با تجزیۀ ارکان نامه های خطابی به دوازده رکن و نامه های جوابی به هفت رکن و آوردن مثال های متعدد در جداول منظم، ساختاری فرهنگ گونه پیدا کرده است. دیگر کتاب مهم ترسل در دورۀ تیموریان فراید غیاثی از یوسف اهل است که مشتمل بر بیش از 650 نامه از سلاطین و وزرا و نیز سایر طبقات و شخصیت هاست و در ده باب تألیف شده است. در این مقاله ارکان نامه‌ها در مخزن الانشا را با نامه های موجود در فراید غیاثی تطبیق داده ‌و به میزان حضور آن ها در نامه‌های ‌فراید غیاثی پرداخته ایم. همچنین با تعیین انواع مخاطب در این دو اثر، شباهت های موجود در نحوۀ کاربرد عبارات و جملات را نشان داده ایم و در نتیجه با توجه به مخزن الانشا و تطبیق ارکان نامه نگاری آن با فراید غیاثی و همسانی انواع مخاطب در این دو اثر توانسته ایم ساختار نامه های قرن 9 هجری و دوره های نزدیک به آن را نشان دهیم و مشخص کنیم که با این ساختار می‌توان ارکان نامه‌های ناقص بازمانده از این دوره‌ها را بازیابی کرد.

Designing ATM Switching Networks

This study aims to classify the book information contained in the Business Indonesia Polytechnic library. Book grouping is done using the K-Means Clustering method. In this K-means clustering algorithm, the variables used as input are: book id, book title, total loan and copies. The resulting output consists of 3 clusters, namely books that are borrowed most frequently, books that are borrowed frequently, and books that are rarely borrowed. With the use of the K-means clustering method, the final results of the grouping are obtained up to the 6th iteration, where the center point no longer changes and no data moves between clusters. The final results obtained consisted of: members of cluster 1 consisting of 119 book titles, cluster2 of 8 books, and cluster3 of 21 books. From the lending data, the data contained in cluster 3 is the book group with the highest loan amount among the other 2 clusters. In addition, books contained in cluster 3 have the fewest copies. From the results of this data analysis, it can be seen that the book titles contained in cluster 3 are the most recommended books to be added to the Business Indonesia Polytechnic library

This development research aims to create a big book based media fairy tale South Sumatra in children group B in PAUD Pembina Nibung. This development uses a combination of Rowntree's development model and Tessmer's evaluation. The Rowntree development model consists of three stages, namely the planning stage, the development stage and the evaluation phase. During the evaluation phase, formative evaluation was proposed by Tessmer consisting of 5 stages, namely selt evaluation, expert review, one-to-one evaluation, small group evaluation and field test. Data collection techniques using walkthrough and observation. The result of data analysis shows that in the evaluation of expert review stage, the average percentage of the assessment results from experts on big book 1, big book 2 and big book 3 is 3, 96 (very valid category). Phase one to one evaluation obtained the average results of observations of children from big book 1, big book 2 and big book 3 for 94.7 (Good One category). The small group evaluation stage shows the average observation on big book 1, big book 2 and big book 3 of 97.3 (very good category). In the field test stage got the observation value with big book 1, big book 2 and big book 3 of 96 (excellent category). From all stages that have been done then it can be concluded that the big book based media fairy tales of South Sumatra declared valid, practical, and effective develop potential effects for children.

Background: Maternal and Child Health (KIA) book is early detection of high risk maternal group. The utilization of this book was 17,764 (89.3%) in 2011 and 19,464 (98.8%) in 2012. The compliance of pregnant women and mothers under-five who brought their KIA book was 59,556 (72.1%) in 2011 and 12,532 (64.3%) in 2012.This study is aimed to identify the relationships among knowledge, attitude, and compliance of pregnant women towards the utilization of KIA book in Puskesmas Geger and Puskesmas Kedundung, Bangkalan East Java. Methods: This study is observational. The objective of the study was determined by the researcher at a certain time. Primary data were quantitative. The samples were 80 responden pregnant mother and baby of mother. Results: (87.8%) of respondents less knowledge but good use KIA Book. 70 respondents (90,9%) had good attidute and good use KIA book, compliance of respondents were more likely to use KIA book weel. The lack of KIA books found in some Puskesmas in Geger. There were 635 pregnant mothers who got nothing as. While all of gravida owned the books. Puskesmas Kedundung showed that either mothers with under-five or gravida owned the books while the pregnant did not. Conclusion: There is no significant correlation between knowledge and the utilization of KIA book with p 0,723 (p > 0.05). On the other hand, there is a correlation between attitudes and the utilization of KIA book p 0.002 (p 0,05). Recommendation: Puskesmas midwives should call for either pregnant mothers or their family members to read, understand, and implement what is in the KIA book. This is to detecting pregnancy treatment, symptoms and discomforts. Therefore, Good practice and attitude of pregnant mothers will keep their pregnancy safer.