Abstract
Although many types of simulated radionuclides have been widely used as a substitute for actual nuclear waste in the studies of nuclear waste solidification, the understanding of the applicability and validity of simulated radionuclides is still insufficient. In particular, the selection and use of simulated radionuclides, which can play a decisive role in the accuracy of the experimental results, still lack unified or integrated references. This paper provides a critical review on the selection, experimental methods, and applicability of the most commonly studied simulated radionuclides, followed by a careful discussion and recommendation of simulated radionuclides suitable for different solidified bodies. The main factors (e.g., temperature, pH, and atmosphere) affecting the choice of simulated radionuclides were analyzed in detail. This work helps to integrate the selection and use of simulated radionuclides, and it will be beneficial for improving the effectiveness of nuclide solidification research.
Highlights
Nuclear energy is a high-efficiency energy source with high energy density, low cost, and no air pollution emission [1]
It is suggested that the simulated radionuclides are suitable for the corresponding solidified bodies and immobilization methods
For 239Pu solidification studies, PuO2 and CeO2 are mostly used as the simulants in the ceramic solidification methods occurring at high temperature
Summary
Nuclear energy is a high-efficiency energy source with high energy density, low cost, and no air pollution emission [1]. Ese nonradioactive isotopes or elements have been widely used as the simulated radionuclides to test or evaluate the solidification effect of solidifying materials on nuclear waste. Various kinds of simulated radionuclides (Cs+, Sr2+, Co2+, Pu4+, Ce4+, I− , and IO−3 ) and solidified bodies (cement, glass, ceramic, polymer, pollucite, geopolymer, etc.) have been used in existing studies, the understanding of the applicability and validity of simulated radionuclides is still insufficient. Is paper is oriented to review the selection, kinds, and experimental methods of simulated radionuclides commonly studied in the research of nuclear waste solidification. E primary objective of the work is to (i) advance the understanding of various solidification approaches of nuclear waste and the role of simulated radionuclides and (ii) provide comprehensive references for the selection and use of simulated radionuclides in different solidification materials for nuclear waste solidification studies
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