Review on Recent Advancement of Therapeutic Interventions in Combating Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

Abstract

Antibiotics is a class of drug that plays an eminent role in combating the deadly infections caused by harmful pathogenic organisms. However, irrational use of these antibiotics leads to multidrug resistance in bacterial species which in turn contributes to the morbidity and mortality worldwide, due to which they are referred to as superbugs. Thus, multidrug resistance is known as the resistance of a microorganism to different initially sensitive antibiotics. Though research has led to the development of new antibiotics and its derivatives, the development of new antibiotics is challenged at every step due to the emergence of microbial resistance. The emergence of drug resistance resulted due to the presence of Drug Resistant Plasmid, transposon, antibiotic resistant cassette and further the resistant phenotype can be transferred from resistant to a sensitive microorganism making sensitive organism resistant. Some bacteria acquire the property of being Multi Drug Resistant due to the presence of efflux transporter proteins which can expel antibiotics in a nonspecific manner and overcoming such medical emergencies is the demand of the era. Thus, the lack of novel antibiotics has created the need for certain technological tools to combat this deadly phenomenon. Among them, anti-microbial peptide, anti-virulence compounds, phage therapy, nanotechnology and CRISPR-Cas system are the most commonly used techniques to combat multidrug resistance. The present review highlights different multidrug resistance tools such as the application of Phage therapy, use of nanotechnology, CRISPR-Cas system and antimicrobial peptides together, their working mechanism, utility, efficacy, credibility and relevance along with the modifications needed in the techniques for improvisation.