Abstract
Veterinary drugs are used as therapeutic, prophylactic and growth promotion. The review was conducted with the aim of assessing the rational use of veterinary antimicrobials. Veterinary drugs are used in livestock sector either rationally or irrationally. Rational use of veterinary drugs means sick animals receive medications appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements, for an adequate period, and at the lowest cost. Whereas irrational drug use are characterized by over prescription, omission, the use of inappropriate dosage, incorrect duration, misuse of drug, take unnecessary risk, over use /frequent use of drugs and not stick with withdrawal period of a drug. The review indicates veterinary drugs used irrationally due to lack of knowledgeable of healthcare providers, lack of treatment guidelines, essential drug lists and national formularies, lack of diagnostic support services such as laboratory services, self-medication and purchasing of antibiotics directly from pharmacies, street vendors or markets and inadequate supply of veterinary drugs. Irrational use of drugs leads to antimicrobial resistance which is the current global health threat to animals and human being. Hence, veterinary drugs, especially, antimicrobial agents should be prudently used, improve availability of key essential drugs on stock through good drug supply management to reduce misuse of drugs and therapeutic failure, keep the withdrawal period to safeguard the public as well the livestock from drug residual effects and development of antimicrobial resistance are recommended.
Highlights
Antibiotics are chemical substances naturally produced by various species of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi that kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms
Rational use of drugs is based on the use of right drug, at right dosage, right cost and right time which is well reflected in the world health organization [3]
It is undeniable that rational use of antimicrobials plays a vital role in the International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science 2019; 5(4): 70-77 production of food animals and protecting public health, while irrational and irresponsible use may cause antimicrobial resistance [5]
Summary
Antibiotics are chemical substances naturally produced by various species of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi that kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. It is undeniable that rational use of antimicrobials plays a vital role in the International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science 2019; 5(4): 70-77 production of food animals and protecting public health, while irrational and irresponsible use may cause antimicrobial resistance [5] Many of these drugs are abused by veterinarians as healthcare professionals and the general public where many farmers treat their sick animals’ with antibiotics/antibacterial drugs without seeking professional consultation. The problem is worse in developing countries that have privatized veterinary services making the cost of treatments to be very expensive for the farmers Many farmers access these agents and treat their animals even in cases where use of antibiotic/antibacterial agents would be unnecessary. The objectives of this review paper are to provide a highlight on rational and irrational use of veterinary drugs and to review the reasons for irrational use of antimicrobial drugs
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