Abstract
Dyes are complex organic compounds which are used by various industries to colour their products. These dyes are purged from various industrial sources such as textile, cosmetic, paper, leather, rubber and printing industries. Wastewater effluents contain dyes which may cause potential hazards to the environment. Some of these dyes are toxic, carcinogenic and can cause skin and eye irritation. Therefore, many researchers have been studied the effectiveness of dyes removal from aqueous solution by different separation methods. Different separation techniques have been used for the treatment of dye-bearing wastewater such as adsorption, coagulation/flocculation, advanced oxidation technologies, ozonation, and membrane-filtration, aerobic and anaerobic degradation. All dye separation techniques have their own limitation in terms of design, operation efficiency and total cost. This review paper provides extensive literature information about dyes, its classification and toxicity together with various treatment methods into dye adsorption characteristics of several non-conventional cost effective sustainable adsorbents. The mechanism and the effects of various physio-chemical process parameters on dye adsorption are presented here.
Highlights
Dye bearing effluent is a significant source of water pollution
Raw and treated agricultural solid wastes in dye removal: The high cost associated with use and regenerate of commercial activated carbon (CAC) in adsorption leads the researchers to investigate and develop cost effective sustainable agricultural waste adsorbents.Agricultural wastes usually have high molecular weight due to the presence of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses components [9]
It was reported that the amount of Methylene blue dye removal by pine cone was increased from 62.9% to 97.2% with the increase of adsorbent mass from 0.01 to 0.05 g [4]
Summary
Dye bearing effluent is a significant source of water pollution. Dyes are used in textile, paper, printing, carpet, plastic, food and cosmetic industries. Raw and treated agricultural solid wastes in dye removal: The high cost associated with use and regenerate of commercial activated carbon (CAC) in adsorption leads the researchers to investigate and develop cost effective sustainable agricultural waste adsorbents.Agricultural wastes usually have high molecular weight due to the presence of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses components [9] These solid wastes are renewable sources and they are available in large quantities with little or no valueand often cause a disposal problem. Nanoporous membranes with cellulose nanocrystals is used in the removal of various dyes such as Victoria Blue, Methyl Violet and Rhodamine dyes [71] The disadvantages of this process such as the high pressure needed, clogging of the membrane’s pores and incapability to treat large volume of effluents limit its uses [72]. during the operation, various suspended particles such as dyes and organic matter tend to accumulate within a thin boundary layer adjacent to the membrane surface and result in membrane fouling[73]. The main advantages of electro coagulation in compare to other conventional technique such as chemical coagulation are the compact of equipment used and no generation of secondary pollution [76].The disadvantages associated with this process are the need for further treatment by flocculation and filtration and high amount of sludge produced
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