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Abstract
Since building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) modules are typically installed during, not after, the construction phase, BIPVs have a profound impact compared to conventional building-applied photovoltaics on the electrical installation and construction planning of a building. As the cost of BIPV modules decreases over time, the impact of electrical system architecture and converters will become more prevalent in the overall cost of the system. This manuscript provides an overview of potential BIPV electrical architectures. System-level criteria for BIPV installations are established, thus providing a reference framework to compare electrical architectures. To achieve modularity and to minimize engineering costs, module-level DC/DC converters preinstalled in the BIPV module turned out to be the best solution. The second part of this paper establishes converter-level requirements, derived and related to the BIPV system. These include measures to increase the converter fault tolerance for extended availability and to ensure essential safety features.
Highlights
The objective of this section is to give an overview of the possible installation methods to electrically interconnect building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) modules
System criteria were established for the electrical installations of building-integrated photovoltaics
Available electrical installation architectures, such as string inverters, micro-inverters, and series and parallel power optimizers, were compared according to the aforementioned criteria, favoring parallel module-level converters connected to a low-voltage DC grid for BIPV applications
Summary
Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems consist of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells and modules that are integrated in the building envelope as part of the building structure, replacing conventional building materials [1,2]. Installations [11,12,13], a life-cycle analysis of BIPV installations [14,15], ab optimal design to match the electric loads in NZEB [16], the refurbishment and renovation of older buildings using BIPV [17,18,19], the thermal impact on the building [20,21,22,23], novel PV materials for use in BIPV products [24,25,26,27], the role of Building Information Management (BIM) in the design of new buildings with BIPV [28,29,30], and specific case studies [31,32,33,34,35] This manuscript focuses on the electrical installation aspects of façade BIPV modules where a high degree of modularity is envisioned. The need for non-isolated or isolated module-level converters will be addressed
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