Abstract
The adoption of electric vehicles promises numerous benefits for modern society. At the same time, there remain significant hurdles to their wide distribution, primarily related to battery-based energy sources. This review concerns the systematization of knowledge in one of the areas of the electric vehicle control, namely, the energy management issues when using braking controllers. The braking process optimization is summarized from two aspects. First, the advantageous solutions are presented that were identified in the field of gradual and urgent braking. Second, several findings discovered in adjacent fields of automation are debated as prospects for their possible application in braking control. Following the specific classification of braking methods, a generalized braking system composition is offered, and all publications are evaluated primarily in terms of their energy recovery abilities as a global target. Then, conventional and intelligent classes of braking controllers are compared. In the first category, classic PID, threshold, and sliding-mode controllers are reviewed in terms of their energy management restrictions. The second group relates to the issues of the tire friction-slip identification and braking torque allocation between the hydraulic and electrical brakes. From this perspective, several intelligent systems are analyzed in detail, especially fuzzy logic, neural network, and their numerous associations.
Highlights
That fuzzy methods demonstrate their drawbacks when working with continuous processes, such as those that are considered for gradual deceleration, when a set of variables must be taken into account to generate control actions
Given that most challenges in the wide adoption of electric vehicles (EV) are related to battery-based energy sources, the focus of this review was on energy recovery in braking
As a basic step to improve battery operation, encourage energy economy, and implement efficient regenerative braking, it was found that most EV manufacturers promote two instruments, namely, the hybrid energy storage (HES), which combines high energy density and high power density, and the BBS, in which the friction brake (FB) and electrical braking (EB) perform together
Summary
The adoption of battery electric vehicles (EV) promises numerous benefits for modern society [1,2,3,4], as listed below. EVs are still associated with significant carbon emissions during their manufacturing, fallen battery dismantling and electricity generation from fossil fuels. According to this list, the majority of problems are related to battery-based energy sources, and EVs have failed to become the primary type of transportation mainly because of batteries. For a more convenient search, viewing, and comparison of the studied approaches, a specific classification of methods applied is proposed on the basis of a generalized braking system composition, and all publications are evaluated primarily in terms of their energy recovery abilities as a global target. In the remainder of the paper, an introduction to braking scenarios and braking controllers is given, conventional and intelligent braking controllers are compared, and several classes of intelligent controllers are analyzed in detail
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