Review of Solid Sample Introduction for Plasma Spectrometry and a Comparison of Results for Laser Ablation, Electrothermal Vaporization, and Slurry Nebulization

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The relative merits of three solid sample introduction techniques for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry have been evaluated. The techniques studied were laser ablation (LA), slurry nebulization, and slurry introduction via electrothermal vaporization. The application of each technique to the quantification of Pa and Pb in geochemical samples has been described and the results obtained for each technique have been compared. To help in assessing the potential of the systems described here a simple classification of the agreement obtained between found and known values has been proposed allowing a comparison of these results with other results published in the literature to be made. Problems encountered during the evaluation of the techniques have been described and, for LA, the associated problems have led to the development of a modified sampling system which was used in an investigation of some fundamental aspects of LA as a method of solid sample introduction. Possible routes for improvement in sampling and transport are suggested, including use of reactive gases, ablation under stopped flow conditions and removal of large particles by gravitational settling.