Abstract
The demand for power is increasing due to the rapid growth of the population. Therefore, energy harvesting (EH) from ambient sources has become popular. The reduction of power consumption in modern wireless systems provides a basis for the replacement of batteries with the electromagnetic energy harvesting (EMEH) approach. This study presents a general review of the EMEH techniques for autonomous sensor (ATS) applications. Electromagnetic devices show great potential when used to power such ATS technologies or convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. As its power source, this stage harvests ambient energy and features a self-starting and self-powered process without the use of batteries. Therefore, it consumes low power and is highly stable for harvesting energy from the environment with low ambient energy sources. The review highlights EMEH circuits, low power EMEH devices, power electronic converters, and controllers utilized in numerous applications, and described their impacts on energy conservation, benefits, and limitation. This study ultimately aims to suggest a smart, low-voltage electronic circuit for a low-power sensor that harvests electromagnetic energy. This review also focuses on various issues and suggestions of future EMEH for low power autonomous sensors.
Highlights
The harvesting of electromagnetic energy from ambient environments has attracted much interest recently
This study presents a general review of the electromagnetic energy harvesting (EMEH) techniques for autonomous sensor (ATS) applications
This paper presented a comprehensive review of EMEH systems for ATS, giving a special focus on recent technological developments and existing barriers
Summary
The harvesting of electromagnetic energy from ambient environments has attracted much interest recently. The features of sample electromagnetic energy harvesting (EMEH) are investigated in [1,2,3], and the achievement levels of some energy harvesting (EH) techniques are explained in Table 1 [4] These techniques can usually produce charge for low power wireless sensor networks (WSNs) applications [5,6]. As an aim to facilitate the natural and causal interaction between such devices and humans, the embedding of ubiquitous computation into environments has drawn significant research attention along with the concepts of sensation and perception Examples of such systems are WSNs, which show potential applicability in many areas [7,8,9]: piezoelectric conversion technology [10,11,12], solar system [13], thermoelectricpowered [14], and wind power systems [15,16]. Various energy sources are used to power micro-level unmanned systems
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