Abstract
This paper discusses the relations between the impacts of volcanic eruptions at multiple-scales and the related-issues of disaster-risk reduction (DRR). The review is structured around local and global impacts of volcanic eruptions, which have not been widely discussed in the literature, in terms of DRR issues. We classify the impacts at local scale on four different geographical features: impacts on the drainage system, on the structural morphology, on the water bodies, and the impact on societies and the environment. It has been demonstrated that information on local impacts can be integrated into four phases of the DRR, i.e., monitoring, mapping, emergency, and recovery. In contrast, information on the global impacts (e.g., global disruption on climate and air traffic) only fits the first DRR phase. We have emphasized the fact that global impacts are almost forgotten in the DRR programs. For this review, we have extracted case studies from Indonesia, and compared them to those of other regions, because Indonesia is home to >130 volcanoes and experienced several latest volcanic eruptions with VEI > 5.
Highlights
We define here the global impacts of volcanic eruption is a scale of the globe, with an eruption having the potential of impacting anyone on the planet, regardless of their geographic position
We have summarized four essential phases of disaster-risk reduction (DRR) on volcanic hazard that should be analyzed and correlated with the impacts of eruptions, i.e., (1)
This paper provides a review and categorization of local and global impacts of volcanic eruptions and describes how they relate to hazards and DRR
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The variety of environmental destructions due to volcanic eruption differs from primary (e.g., summit collapse, vegetation burning, death), secondary (e.g., atmospheric cooling, global warming), and tertiary (e.g., flood, famine, disease) effects [6]. It is mostly generated by gas emissions, ashes, lava flow, pyroclastic flow, lahar, debris flow, and landslide which results in local and global impacts [6]. Indonesian cases both of local and and global impacts alongalong with with volcanoes around the world as a comparison. Several volcanoes create remarkable eruption by the range of Figure 1
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