Abstract
Ti and its alloys are the most commonly-used materials for biomedical applications. However, bacterial infection after implant placement is still one of the significant rising complications. Therefore, the application of the antimicrobial agents into implant surfaces to prevent implant-associated infection has attracted much attention. Scientific papers have shown that inorganic antibacterial metal elements (e.g., Ag, Cu, Zn) can be introduced into implant surfaces with the addition of metal nanoparticles or metallic compounds into an electrolyte via micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technology. In this review, the effects of the composition and concentration of electrolyte and process parameters (e.g., voltage, current density, oxidation time) on the morphological characteristics (e.g., surface morphology, bonding strength), antibacterial ability and biocompatibility of MAO antimicrobial coatings are discussed in detail. Anti-infection and osseointegration can be simultaneously accomplished with the selection of the proper antibacterial elements and operating parameters. Besides, MAO assisted by magnetron sputtering (MS) to endow Ti-based implant materials with superior antibacterial ability and biocompatibility is also discussed. Finally, the development trend of MAO technology in the future is forecasted.
Highlights
Biomedical titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been widely used in blood vessels, artificial joints, dental implantations and bone screws [1,2,3] on account of their excellent mechanical properties, good corrosion resistance and favorable biocompatibility
The current flow only concentrates on regions of breakdown, and the Ca and P elements from the electrolyte and the other elements from the specimen enter into regions of breakdown by diffusion and electrophoresis at intense local high temperatures, resulting in localized forming and thickening of the porous structure oxide coating
During micro-arc oxidation (MAO), a large amount of Ag was dissolved in the electrolyte, which caused a sharp decrease in the Ag content of the MAO coatings
Summary
Continuity of Ag and Zn on the coating surfaces increased with prolonged MAO time (Figure 13c). Increased gradually from the substrate to the coating surface (Figure 13d). For there exists an electric field between the target material and the substrates. Under the action of the the sputtering process, there exists an electric field between the target material and the substrates. MS desired is an effective technique incorporate antibacterial agents the implant materials. MAO coating shows a dense inner layer technological parameters. MAO coating shows may a dense inner layer ability and prevent corrosion frominbody fluid, while the porous outer structure increase the and surface a roughroughness, porous outer structure. AgTi layers were first deposited can achieve a balance by this duplex technique of combining MS and MAO. Micron‐sized pores were still distributed over the surfaces, and onto Ti by MS, subjected to MAO at 20 A·dm for 2, 5 and 8 min in the electrolyte containing increase due to the generated larger breakdown channels and more
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