Abstract
Infectious diseases commonly occur in contaminated water, food, and bodily fluids and spread rapidly, resulting in death of humans and animals worldwide. Among infectious agents, viruses pose a serious threat to public health and global economy because they are often difficult to detect and their infections are hard to treat. Since it is crucial to develop rapid, accurate, cost-effective, and in-situ methods for early detection viruses, a variety of sensors have been reported so far. This review provides an overview of the recent developments in electrochemical sensors and biosensors for detecting viruses and use of these sensors on environmental, clinical and food monitoring. Electrochemical biosensors for determining viruses are divided into four main groups including nucleic acid-based, antibody-based, aptamer-based and antigen-based electrochemical biosensors. Finally, the drawbacks and advantages of each type of sensors are identified and discussed.
Highlights
Sensors consist of chemical or biological receptors that interacts with a target analyte, and a transducer that converts the recognition process into a quantitative signal.[7]
West Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family that is endemic in many parts of the world and transmitted by Culex mosquito vectors.[27]
A 24-nucleotide DNA probe based on a West Nile virus sequence was immobilized on a pre-cleaned gold coated interdigitated electrode (IDE) followed by inactivation of vacant gold sites with the use of 11-Mercapto-1-undecanol (MCU)
Summary
Sensors consist of chemical or biological receptors that interacts with a target analyte, and a transducer that converts the recognition process into a quantitative signal.[7]. Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are often used for fabrication of biosensors since they possess advantages such as disposability, mechanically robustness, inexpensiveness, stability and reproducibility for mass production.[36] For instance, a novel electrochemical-based nucleic acid sensor was fabricated for Ebola virus RNA detection (Figure 1B).[25] In the first step, the gold surface of screen-printed electrode was functionalized with a thiolated DNA capture probe sequence via SAu bonding. The electrical signal of the fabricated biosensor exhibits a linear relationship between 10 nM-75 nM Ebola virus complementary target strand with 4.7 nM limit of detection under optimum conditions This method has not been applied for detecting Ebola virus RNA in real samples yet and would require amplification for diagnostic use
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