Abstract
Different classes of polymeric materials such as nanomaterials, sol-gel materials, conducting polymers, functional polymers and biomaterials have been used in the design of sensors and biosensors. Various methods have been used, for example from direct adsorption, covalent bonding, crossing-linking with glutaraldehyde on composites to mixing the enzymes or use of functionalized beads for the design of sensors and biosensors using these polymeric materials in recent years. It is widely acknowledged that analytical sensing at electrodes modified with polymeric materials results in low detection limits, high sensitivities, lower applied potential, good stability, efficient electron transfer and easier immobilization of enzymes on electrodes such that sensing and biosensing of environmental pollutants is made easier. However, there are a number of challenges to be addressed in order to fulfill the applications of polymeric based polymers such as cost and shortening the long laboratory synthetic pathways involved in sensor preparation. Furthermore, the toxicological effects on flora and fauna of some of these polymeric materials have not been well studied. Given these disadvantages, efforts are now geared towards introducing low cost biomaterials that can serve as alternatives for the development of novel electrochemical sensors and biosensors. This review highlights recent contributions in the development of the electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on different polymeric material. The synergistic action of some of these polymeric materials and nanocomposites imposed when combined on electrode during sensing is discussed.
Highlights
Classical enzyme electrodes are obtained by combining directly the enzyme and surface of electrodes of platinum, gold, carbon paste or glassy carbon
Schuhmann reported that free-diffusing redox mediators cannot be securely retained at the biosensor surface and their leakage leads to a limited long-term stability of the electrode [4]
Qian and Yang designed a new amperometric biosensor for hydrogen peroxide based on cross-linking horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by glutaraldehyde with multiwall carbon nanotubes/chitosan (MWNTs/CH) composite film coated on a glassy carbon electrode [28]
Summary
Classical enzyme electrodes are obtained by combining directly the enzyme and surface of electrodes of platinum, gold, carbon paste or glassy carbon. The development of amperometric, potentiometric or conductometric enzyme electrodes is to design the interface between the transducer and the biocatalytical layer so as to allow efficient electron transfer between enzyme and the electrode In these devices, the function of the enzyme is to provide selectivity by virtue of its biological affinity for a particular substrate molecule that is of biological origin [1]. Schuhmann reported that free-diffusing redox mediators cannot be securely retained at the biosensor surface and their leakage leads to a limited long-term stability of the electrode [4] In this communication, the main emphasis is on discussion of the different classes of polymeric materials that have been investigated as to their ability to overcome these drawbacks and to enable amperometric detection at low potentials of without passivation. This will allow a possible move from the application of these expensive polymeric materials to low cost materials or blending of these low cost biomaterials so that they can be used as electron mediators
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