Review Article. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) in the intestine: diverging actions with converging consequences

Abstract

AbstractThe intestinal mucosa is a difficult environment to maintain homeostasis as it is constantly challenged by microbial and food antigens. Maintaining an intact epithelial barrier, a continuous turnover of intestinal epithelial cells and normobiosis of the gut microbiota are essential components to prevent intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Inflammasomes are critical immune regulators that are involved in all of these processes. They are multiprotein complexes able to assemble upon interaction with a noxious stimulus that will subsequently lead to caspase-1 activation. Activated caspase-1 will orchestrate the maturation and release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and induce pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death. Both cytokine release and pyroptosis are initiated after detection of molecular patterns by a distinct inflammasome sensor protein. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) is such an inflammasome sensor that specifically responds to the presence of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) in the cytoplasm, leading to the recruitment and activation of caspase-1. Recent studies revealed additional roles of AIM2 in controlling epithelial cell proliferation, tight junction expression and the microbiome. Therefore, AIM2 plays a significant role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. This review focuses on the multifunctional role of AIM2 in intestinal homeostasis by regulating intestinal immunity and preventing colorectal cancer development.