Reversible Data Hiding With Hierarchical Embedding for Encrypted Images

Abstract

Reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDHEI) is an effective technique of data security. Most state-of-the-art RDHEI methods do not achieve desirable payload yet. To address this problem, we propose a new RDHEI method with hierarchical embedding. Our contributions are twofold. (1) A novel technique of hierarchical label map generation is proposed for the bit-planes of plaintext image. The hierarchical label map is calculated by using prediction technique, and it is compressed and embedded into the encrypted image. (2) Hierarchical embedding is designed to achieve a high embedding payload. This embedding technique hierarchically divides prediction errors into three kinds: small-magnitude, medium-magnitude, and large-magnitude, which are marked by different labels. Different from the conventional techniques, pixels with small-magnitude/large-magnitude prediction errors are both used to accommodate secret bits in the hierarchical embedding technique, and therefore contribute a high embedding payload. Experiments on two standard datasets are discussed to validate the proposed RDHEI method. The results demonstrate that the proposed RDHEI method outperforms some state-of-the-art RDHEI methods in payload. The average payloads of the proposed RDHEI method are 3.4568 bpp and 3.6823 bpp for BOWS-2 dataset and BOSSbase dataset, respectively.