Abstract
In conventional hybrid reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDHEI), the error-free extracted-bit rate condition in recovered images cannot be fully achieved (reversible) as the block size decreases because of the fluctuation function used, which cannot reduce the bit error, as indicated by the high extracted-bit error rate (EER) and low peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). Therefore, this work proposes improving the accuracy of hybrid RDHEI performance for remote sensing satellite images by modifying the fluctuation function in the data extraction process with and without the Reed-Solomon (RS) codes in the data embedding process. The proposed fluctuation function takes the absolute difference in the actual value of two adjacent pixels in horizontal and vertical pixels. The modified fluctuation function algorithm in the extraction process both with and without RS codes in the embedding data process is derived, and performance results are obtained through simulations of SPOT-6, SPOT-7, and Pleiades-1A satellite images. The simulation results show that the proposed hybrid RDHEI algorithm with modification of the fluctuation function without an RS encoder can achieve error-free extracted-bit and maximum PSNR (infinity) values at a block size of $18 \times 18$ for SPOT-6 and SPOT-7 test images, as well as a block size of $20\times 20$ for the Pleiades-1A test image. It is proven that the proposed hybrid RDHEI succeeds in reducing the minimum block size from reference systems. In addition, it can also be seen that the proposed hybrid RDHEI with modification of the fluctuation function and RS coding in data embedding can reduce the minimum block size to achieve error-free extracted bits to $9 \times 9$ for SPOT-6 and SPOT-7 test images and $10\times 10$ for the Pleiades-1A test image.
Highlights
Encryption and reversible data hiding are two powerful data security techniques that protect privacy and confidentiality in communication [1]
Based on the fluctuation calculation, at the position of block y(4,8), the proposed fluctuation function extracts the wrong information bit, "0," while the Hong and Fatema fluctuation functions correctly extract the information bit embedded into the image, which is bit "1." Table I shows the comparison of minimum block sizes, number of embedded message bits, and gain to obtain error-free extracted-bit and maximum peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) between the proposed hybrid reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDHEI) systems without RS codes and references in the SPOT-6, SPOT-7, and Pleiades-1A test images
This study presents a proposed hybrid RDHEI system for remote sensing satellite images with modification of the fluctuation function and RS codes on data embedding for remote sensing satellite test images
Summary
Encryption and reversible data hiding are two powerful data security techniques that protect privacy and confidentiality in communication [1]. In the reference hybrid RDHEI method [7], [8], [16], the number of error extracted bits, reversibility and visual quality of the recovered image are not good, especially when the embedding load is high. The proposed system model based on a hybrid RDH scheme with a modified fluctuation function including image encryption, data embedding, hybrid data extraction, and image recovery is described in the first part of Section II. The proposed hybrid RDHEI scheme in remote sensing satellite images with modified fluctuation functions and RS code embedding including codeword embedding, hybrid codeword extraction, and image recovery is explained in the second part of Section II. Test images (a) SPOT-6; (B) SPOT-7; (c) Pleiades-1A
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