Retrieving Soil Moisture in the First-Level Tributary of the Yellow River–Wanchuan River Basin Based on CD Algorithm and Sentinel-1/2 Data

Abstract

Lanzhou is the only provincial capital city in Northwest China where the main stream of the Yellow River and its tributaries flow through the city. Due to its geographical location and the influence of various factors, it is difficult to evaluate and simulate the climatic, hydrological, and ecological processes of the main stream of the Yellow River and its tributaries in the region. In this study, the Wanchuan River basin, currently undergoing ecological restoration, was selected as the study area. Seasonal backscatter differences generated using Sentinel-1/2 (S1/S2) data and the CD algorithm were used to reduce the effects of surface roughness; vegetation indices, soils, and field measurements were used to jointly characterize the vegetation contribution and soil contribution. Then, SM maps with a grid spacing of 10 m × 10 m were generated in the Wanchuan River basin, covering an area of 1767.78 km2. To validate the results, optimal factors were selected, and a training set and validation set were constructed. The results indicated a high level of the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.78 and the root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.08 for the comparison of measured and inverted water contents, indicating that the algorithm retrieved the SM values of the study area well. Furthermore, Box line plots with ERA5-Land and GLDAS confirmed that the algorithm is in good agreement with current SM products and feasibility for soil water content inversion work in the Wanchuan River basin.