Abstract
PurposeIn this article, we review the role of retrieval practice on the word learning and retention of children with specific language impairment (SLI).MethodFollowing a brief review of earlier findings on word learning in children with SLI and the assumptions behind retrieval practice, four experiments are described that compared novel words learned in a repeated spaced retrieval condition and those learned in either a repeated study condition or a repeated immediate retrieval condition. Preschool-age children with SLI and their same-age peers with typical language development were the participants in all experiments. The effects of repeated spaced retrieval were assessed through measures of recall of word form and meaning and, receptively, through both picture-pointing and electrophysiological measures.ResultsRepeated spaced retrieval resulted in greater recall of word form and meaning across the experiments. This advantage was seen not only for word–picture pairs used during the learning period but also when generalization of the word to new pictures was required. Receptive testing through picture pointing showed similar results, though in some experiments, ceiling effects rendered this measure less sensitive to differences. An alternative receptive measure—the N400 elicited during picture–word mismatches—showed evidence at the neural level favoring repeated spaced retrieval. The advantages of repeated spaced retrieval were seen in both children with SLI and their typically developing age mates.ConclusionFuture efforts are warranted to refine and extend the experiments reviewed here. If these efforts prove successful, procedures that incorporate repeated spaced retrieval into more naturalistic clinical and educational activities might be an appropriate next step.Presentation Video https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13063730
Highlights
There is a common assumption that “practice” means “learning by doing.” Whether the goal is playing a musical instrument, skating backward, or throwing a pot, we recognize that real gains cannot be won through passive study alone
Children with specific language impairment” (SLI) have a long-standing deficit in language ability that cannot be attributed to hearing impairment, intellectual disability, neurological damage, or autism spectrum disorder
Of special importance in this study was the finding that test items representing items not included during the learning period yielded accuracy as high as the items used in the learning period. This type of generalization suggests that words benefiting from retrieval practice are more than memorized items; they have sufficient flexibility to be applied to new referents
Summary
Purpose: In this article, we review the role of retrieval practice on the word learning and retention of children with specific language impairment (SLI). The effects of repeated spaced retrieval were assessed through measures of recall of word form and meaning and, receptively, through both picture-pointing and electrophysiological measures. Results: Repeated spaced retrieval resulted in greater recall of word form and meaning across the experiments This advantage was seen for word–picture pairs used during the learning period and when generalization of the word to new pictures was required. The studies reviewed here will focus on one group of children for whom retrieval practice may be especially beneficial These are children with “specific language impairment” (SLI)—a group of children whose language problems include weaknesses in learning words.
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