Abstract
ṅChapter 2 develops the subsystems framework for analyzing international order. The chapter uses three new ideas to explain changes in international order. The first idea is subsystems, within which international order exists. The second is about the sources of change in international order: strategic benefits and punishments for noncompliance. The third involves actors’ instruments of coercion. Changes in the cost-effectiveness of those instruments can—but don’t always—change the benefits and punishments associated with governing arrangements in a given subsystem. Finally, the chapter operationalizes these concepts for the global oil system, to explain why international order was partially preserved and partially upended in the wake of twentieth-century decolonization.
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