Retesting of Neonatal Hearing Screening Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study

Abstract

Introduction: Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHS) plays an essential role in the early identification of hearing loss in neonates. Risk factors for hearing impairment may include family history, prematurity, and exposure to ototoxic substances. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) might be a significant contributing factor affecting the structures of the inner ear. Objective: To assess the auditory follow-up process of retesting for UNHS before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among neonates from an Outpatient Auditory Health Service (SASA) in the state of Santa Catarina with SUS (Unified Health System) assistance. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study analyzed data from neonates attended at a SUS Auditory Health Service (SASA) from January 2018 to December 2022. Information related to UNHS and retest outcomes was assessed. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel® and MedCalc® Statistical Software version 22.006, utilizing statistical measures and regression analyses to identify factors associated with UNHS failures and retesting. Results: A failure to retest rate of 2.6% in the right ear and 2.2% in the left ear was observed among evaluated neonates. The average age of mothers of neonates who did not pass the test was 33 years, while the overall average was 27 years. Failure to pass the retest and a longer interval between UNHS and retesting were associated with UNHS Initial Retest Default (IRD). There was an increase in dropout rates for UNHS retesting, and the time interval between UNHS and retesting was extended during the pandemic. Conclusion: Several factors, including the interval between tests, mothers' age, and medical conditions, influenced the retest outcomes. The pandemic led to a significant increase in dropout rates and extended time for retesting.