Abstract
Molecules of the plant world are proving their effectiveness in countering, slowing down, and regressing many diseases. The resveratrol for its intrinsic properties related to its stilbene structure has been proven to be a universal panacea, especially for a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. This paper evaluates (in vivo and in vitro) the various molecular targets of this peculiar polyphenol and its ability to effectively counter several neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. What emerges is that, in the deep heterogeneity of the pathologies evaluated, resveratrol through a convergence on the protein targets is able to give therapeutic responses in neuronal cells deeply diversified not only in morphological structure but especially in their function performed in the anatomical district to which they belong.
Highlights
Resveratrol (RV), or 3,5,4-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene, is an antifungal molecule of the stilbene family produced in a variety of plant species in response to pathogen attack or under stress conditions such as UV radiation and exposure to heavy metal ions [1]
This review aims to give an overview of the beneficial effects of RV on several human neurodegenerations as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity p-Coumaric acid
Since p53 and GSK3β are both involved in the apoptotic pathway (GSK3β overactivity leads to increased levels of plaques and tangles and p53 activity induces Tau phosphorylation), a strong RV effect may be speculated on AD against several molecular targets
Summary
Resveratrol (RV), or 3,5,4-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene, is an antifungal molecule of the stilbene family produced in a variety of plant species in response to pathogen attack or under stress conditions such as UV radiation and exposure to heavy metal ions [1]. ATP depletion or lipid and protein peroxidation induced by ROS is implicated in PD and kills neurons by necrotic processes [21]; protein oxidative damage in the form of protein carbonyls and increased levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine are present in PD brain and some evidences suggest a role for nitration and nitrosylation of certain proteins due to reactive nitrogen species [22, 23] In this context, the linkage between neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative stress is largely investigated by researchers. The interest on RV was initially focused on its antioxidant properties, it has been reported that the drug affects a wide range of signaling transduction pathways Several studies using both in vitro and in vivo model systems have illustrated RV capacity to modulate a multitude of biological activity associated with cellular growth and differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis [45,46,47]. RV appears to be effective in reducing the inflammatory status; the drug attenuates the activation of immune cells and subsequent synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators through the inhibition of transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) [71]
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