Abstract
The factors affecting the efficiency of micelle-mediated extraction of phenolic compounds from apple pomace was investigated. Higher extraction efficiency by using as a solvent an aqueous solution of Tween 80 in comparison to Triton X-100, Span 20, Tween 20, 70% ethanol, and water was shown. Four independent variables (Tween 80 concentration, time, solvent-to material ratio, and pH) to enhance the recovery of polyphenols from apple pomace was investigated. Applying response surface methodology, the second order polynomial regression equation showing dependence of the yield of polyphenols on the extraction parameters was derived. The adjusted regression coefficient (R2 = 98.73%) and the lack-of-fit test (p > 0.05) showed a good accuracy of the developed model. The difference between observed and predicted values was no more than 3%. The optimal extraction conditions were found to be Tween 80 concentration of 1.14%, time of 65 min, solvent-to-material ratio of 104 mL g−1, pH of 3.8. Under optimal conditions the predicted total phenolic compounds content was 7.75 mg g−1. The obtained apple pomace extracts were characterized in terms of their antioxidant activity. The proposed extraction technology by using Tween 80 aqueous solution as a solvent allows obtaining the extracts with high content of polyphenols which are suitable for the applications in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products requiring a surfactant to stabilize them.
Highlights
Apples are one of the most consumed fruits worldwide and are among the other the major source of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, minerals, and vitamins with various health benefits [1]
Due to the fact that extracts with a high polyphenol content obtained from apple processing wastes are supposed to be used in the food, cosmetic, and/or pharmaceutical industries; in this work, water solutions of four nonionic surfactants were studied as possible solvents, namely Triton X-100, Span 20, Tween 20, and
It was found that when using surfactants, the yield of phenolic compounds was significantly higher compared with such classical solvents as water (1.5 times on average) and 70% ethanol (1.2 times on average)
Summary
Apples are one of the most consumed fruits worldwide and are among the other the major source of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, minerals, and vitamins with various health benefits [1]. A significant amount (around 30%) of this fruit is industrially processed, mainly to produce juices During this process, a large volume of solid residues accumulates, comprised mainly of peels, seeds, and pulp, which are collectively known as ‘apple pomace’, account for approximately 25–30% of the weight of the original fresh fruit [3]. A large volume of solid residues accumulates, comprised mainly of peels, seeds, and pulp, which are collectively known as ‘apple pomace’, account for approximately 25–30% of the weight of the original fresh fruit [3] The use of these wastes for production of high value bioproducts is economically as well as environmental important. Apple pomace can be used as substrates for the microbial production of carboxylic acids, enzymes, biofuels, biopolymers, and for the direct extraction of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties [4,5,6]
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