Abstract
Simple SummaryExtreme change in the benthic macrofauna community after invasion of the bottom fish round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) in the eastern Baltic Sea, challenged the declining long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis) population at the wintering ground. The aim of this study was to assess the change in the diet of the long-tailed duck in two different seabed types: highly impacted hard-bottom and adjacent pristine soft-bottom habitats. The results showed a significant change in the diet in hard-bottom habitats, while the diet in soft-bottom habitats remained similar over time. At the same time, the body condition did not differ over time or between habitats, confirming the high foraging flexibility and the quick species response to the extreme changes in prey composition and availability.The long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis) is a vulnerable and declining species wintering in the Baltic Sea. The introduction of the invasive fish, the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), dramatically impacted the benthic macrofauna in hard-bottom habitats, while no significant changes occurred in soft-bottom benthic macrofauna. Therefore, we aimed to assess the extent to which the diet of long-tailed ducks changed in two different bottom types. We analysed the stomach content of 251 long-tailed ducks bycaught in gillnets from 2016 to 2020 in hard- and soft-bottom habitats and compared these results with those published by Žydelis and Ruškyte (2005). The results show that the long-tailed duck experienced a change in diet in hard-bottom habitats, shifting from the blue mussel to Hediste diversicolor, barnacles, and fish. In soft-bottom habitats, their diet remained similar over time and was based on H. diversicolor, a few bivalve species, and Saduria entomon. There was no evidence of significant differences in diet between sex or age. Despite the abovementioned changes in diet, the average body condition of the species did not change over time or between habitats. This confirms that long-tailed ducks have high feeding flexibility and quick species response to changes in prey availability, as they are capable of shifting their diet to new prey.
Highlights
The Baltic Sea is an important site for wintering ducks and other seabirds who migrate from their reproductive grounds in the Artic tundra
21 macrofauna taxa were present in the hard-bottom habitat, with Marenzelleria sp. (85%), Pygospio elegans (68%), and oligochaetes (68%) having the highest occurrence
The demonstrate that thethe dietdiet of the duckduck is dependent on theon botbottom type. It is not clear how long the species stays feeding within the tom type. It is not clear how long the species stays feeding within the same same seabed type,composition prey composition the stomachs, and that of soft-bodied seabed type, prey in the in stomachs, and that of soft-bodied ororganisms, generally corresponded to the prey diversity of the seabed type where the ganisms, generally corresponded to the prey diversity of the seabed type where the longlong-tailed ducks were bycaught
Summary
In the Baltic Sea, many threats are currently affecting the population status of longtailed ducks These include bycatch in gillnets, and their habitat is undergoing modification, and ship traffic, oil pollution, hunting, hazardous chemicals, diseases, nutritional deficiencies, and ecosystem changes, including global warming effects, encompassing other threats that this species faces [1,2,3,4]. These threats are the main cause of the long-tailed duck’s population decline, which has decreased by up to 65.4% [2,5]. The first survey took place from 1992 to 1993 and estimated a population of
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