Abstract
Understanding the process of resistance development of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), in detail is necessary to potentially delay the development of insecticides resistance by rotation or discontinuation of insecticides at the right time. In this study, we investigated the resistance development of the reared German cockroach to chlorpyrifos (CPF) for 23 generations from susceptible cockroaches. CPF 50% lethal dose (LD50) and resistance ratio of each generation cockroaches were determined. The CPF LD50 to each generation cockroaches was used as the insecticide selection pressure of this generation by topical application. The resistance development curve was depicted according to the CPF LD50 to all 23 generations of cockroaches. As a result, a highly resistant German cockroach cohort to CPF, which the resistance ratio was 21.63, was obtained after 23 generations’ selection. During the selection, the cockroaches developed low resistance from F1 to F5, moderate resistance from F6 to F12, and high resistance from F13 to F23. There was a rapid resistance increase every 5–7 generations. The resistance growing showed relatively slow from F1 to F11. The fastest growing phase of the resistance was from F12 to F20, in which accounted for more than 80% of the total resistance increase in 23 generations. The development of resistance to CPF tended to slow down from F21 to F23. These findings may provide a basis for the rational use of insecticides, delaying the development of resistance by rotation or discontinuation.
Highlights
The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), is a widespread pest lives exclusively in human environments, including households, residential areas, hospitals, restaurants, markets, vehicles and so on[1,2,3]
The resistance of the German cockroaches to CPF developed relatively slow from F1 to F11, and the resistance level only increased to 7.38 fold
The fastest growing phase of the resistance to CPF was from F12 to F20, and the resistance ratio enhanced to 19.00, which accounted for more than 80% of the total resistance increase in 23 generations
Summary
The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), is a widespread pest lives exclusively in human environments, including households, residential areas, hospitals, restaurants, markets, vehicles and so on[1,2,3]. It is a worldwide distributed specie and commonly found in tropical and subtropical r egions. Enzymes involved in the detoxification of insecticides are either at a higher level or have enhanced activity in resistant German cockroaches Additional resistance mechanisms such as kdrtype and Rdl mutation contributing toward pyrethroid and fipronil resistance, r espectively[26,27]. This may provide a basis for delay the development of CPF resistance by rotation or discontinuation
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