Residual oxygen responsible for universal superconducting phase diagram in annealed FeSe1−xTex

Abstract

We report the results from a comprehensive study of the effect that annealing FeSe0.35Te0.65 single crystals in different atmospheres has on the surface chemistry, the superconducting transition temperature, Tc, and the critical current density, Jc. A review of the literature and our data shows that annealing in oxygen, nitrogen, air or vacuum atmosphere leads to a universal superconducting phase diagram that is independent of the variance in the as-grown properties. We show that atmospheres with an oxygen partial pressure of p > 10−3 hPa during annealing are necessary to improve the superconducting properties in this compound. This is demonstrated by Raman and magnetisation measurements on air, nitrogen, or low vacuum annealed FeSe0.35Te0.65 samples, which show that the improvement in the superconducting properties is strongly correlated to the formation of a thin iron oxide surface layer. However, annealing under high vacuum does not lead to the formation of an iron oxide layer and no improvement in the superconducting properties is observed. Our findings show that the previously reported improvements in the superconducting properties after annealing under vacuum or in nitrogen are thus likely to have been caused by residual oxygen. Furthermore, we propose a diffusion model for the formation of the iron oxide layer as the driving force for the reduction of interstitial excess iron that suppresses superconductivity in this compound. Overall, our results show that the presence of an iron reactant, such as oxygen, during annealing is necessary to improve the superconducting properties of FeSe1−xTex.