Research Problems

Abstract

Abstract To identify and conceptualize research problems in science, philosophers and often scientists rely on classical accounts of problems that focus on intellectual problems defined in relation to theories. Recently, philosophers have begun to study the structures and functions of research problems not defined in relation to theories. Furthermore, scientists have long pursued research problems often labeled as practical or applied. As yet, no account of problems specifies the description of both so-called intellectual problems and so-called applied problems. This article proposes a new conceptual framework of problems that accounts both for intellectual aspects of problems and for their practical or applied aspects. I illustrate the account with an example of a recent research project from evolutionary biology, and I indicate further routes by that to develop the account, especially in connection to empirical studies of science. 1Introduction2Standard Approaches 2.1Six classical approaches2.2Contemporary discussions2.3Further directions3A New Framework 3.1Slogan and reference class3.2Statements and a general propositional model3.3Agential model3.4Taxonomies3.5A framework of problems4Case Study5Problems and Questions6Conclusion