Abstract
The hypervelocity impact of space debris causes damage or destruction to spacecraft. The continuous damage caused by space debris creates greater requirements for protective materials. Wave-impedance gradient-protection material is a new type of space-debris-protection material with high kinetic-energy dissipation. However, the relationship between the distribution characteristics of the impedance layer and the protective performance is still unclear. This study provides guidance for the design of high-performance wave-impedance gradient materials by establishing the quantitative relationship between impedance-layer distribution characteristics and protective performance. Based on the one-dimensional shock-wave theory, this paper analyzes the propagation process of shock waves in wave-impedance gradient materials, establishes a transmission model of shock waves with changes in impedance layers, and quantitatively studies the influence of the change in wave impedance on the impact pressure, internal-energy conversion, and projectile- breaking characteristics by means of a numerical simulation. The results show that, when the surface and back of the wave-impedance gradient material are titanium alloy and nylon, respectively, the total transmission coefficient increases from 0.206 to a maximum of 0.339 with the continuous change in the gradient. The reduction amplitude of the shock wave with time under the three working conditions is Ti-Al-Mg-Ny > Ti-Al-Ny > Ti-Ny. The relationship of the transformed internal energy is Ti Al-Mg-Ny > Ti-Al-Ny > Ti-Ny, and the projectile breaking area is Ti-Al-Mg-Ny > Ti-Al-Ny > Ti-Ny. The analysis shows that the continuous change in wave impedance is beneficial to reduce the attenuation of the amplitude of the shock wave in the hypervelocity projectile, to keep the stress amplitude of the shock wave at a higher level, and to improve the internal-energy conversion and impact-breaking degree of the projectile, thereby enhancing the protection performance of the wave-impedance gradient material.
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