Abstract
This chapter describes the Lewin–Kounin formulation, the motivational hypothesis, social deprivation and institutionalization, positive- and negative-reaction tendencies, the reinforcer hierarchy, expectancy of failure, and outer directedness. Institutionalized retarded children tend to be relatively deprived of adult contact and approval, and hence have a higher motivation to secure such contact and approval than do normal children. While retarded children possess a higher positive-reaction tendency than normal children because of a higher motivation to interact with an approving adult, they also possess a higher negative-reaction tendency. Institutionalized retarded children learn to expect and settle for lower degrees of success than normal children. Although many of the findings related to the hypotheses discussed are more suggestive than definitive, the factors enumerated in these hypotheses are extremely important ones in determining the retardate's general level of functioning.
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More From: International Review of Research in Mental Retardation
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