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Abstract
Whilst detrimental effects of repeated sub-concussive impacts on neurophysiological and behavioral function are increasingly reported, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we report that repeated sub-concussion with a light weight drop (25 g) in wild-type PVG rats for 2 weeks does not induce detectable neuromotor dysfunction assessed by beamwalk and rotarod tests. However, after 12 weeks of repeated sub-concussion, the rats exhibited moderate neuromotor dysfunction. This is the first study to demonstrate development of neuromotor dysfunction following multiple long-term sub-concussive impacts in rats. The outcomes may offer significant opportunity for future studies to understand the mechanisms of sub-concussion-induced neuropsychological changes.
Highlights
Non-concussion or “sub-concussive” head impact is defined as “a cranial impact that does not result in known or diagnosed concussion on clinical grounds, which may be the result of a slosh phenomenon” [1]
The latency that sub-concussion group (SC) rats stayed on the accelerating rotarod was not significantly different from the Sham group after 2 weeks of repeated sub-concussion impacts (Figure 3)
The present study is the first to test the effects of subconcussive impacts that are repeated multiple times over an extended period, on neuromotor function in wild-type PVG rats
Summary
Non-concussion or “sub-concussive” head impact is defined as “a cranial impact that does not result in known or diagnosed concussion on clinical grounds, which may be the result of a slosh phenomenon” [1]. An increasing number of clinical studies report that when the sub-concussion is repeated over a long-term, it results in substantial neurological and neuropsychological alterations [1]. Very few studies to date investigated the effects of repeated sub-concussion in animal models [4], and its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. One of those studies by Shultz et al showed that a single sub-concussion impact by mild lateral fluid percussion injury (0.50–0.99 atm) resulted in no neurobehavioral changes, whilst elevated neuroinflammation was evident [5]. The mechanical force of sub-concussion and duration of sub-concussive impacts in rats are not directly
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