Abstract
The effectiveness of regenerated chicken bone char (CBC) in fluoride removal was investigated in the present study. Heat treatment was studied as the regeneration method. Results revealed that the CBC regenerated at 673 K yielded the highest fluoride adsorption capacity, hence, 673 K was the best regenerating temperature. The study continued up to five regeneration cycles at the best regenerating temperature; 673 K. The CBC accounted to 16.1 mg F/g CBC as the total adsorption capacity after five regeneration cycles. The recovery percentage of CBC reduced from 79% at the first regeneration to 4% after five regeneration cycles. The hydroxyapatite structure of CBC was not changed during the fluoride adsorption by five regeneration cycles. The ion exchange incorporated with the chemical precipitation occurred during the fluoride adsorption. The repeated regeneration of CBC is possible and it could be used as a low cost defluoridation technique to minimize the wastage of bone char.
Highlights
The contamination of groundwater by fluoride is one of the major global issues
Fluoride is supposed to be a suspicious cause for the multifactorial, deadly disease [2]; chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka [3]
A high concentration of fluoride up to 30 mg/L was found in the groundwater of many countries in the world including Sri Lanka [3], India, Pakistan, China, West Indies, Spain, Holland, Poland, Italy, Iraq, Iran, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, United Republic of Tanzania, Mexico, Thailand, Serbia, Ethiopia, Eritrea (North East Africa), West Africa, Southern Africa and North and South American countries [5]
Summary
The contamination of groundwater by fluoride is one of the major global issues. Fluoride is supposed to be a suspicious cause for the multifactorial, deadly disease [2]; chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka [3]. A high concentration of fluoride up to 30 mg/L was found in the groundwater of many countries in the world including Sri Lanka [3], India, Pakistan, China, West Indies, Spain, Holland, Poland, Italy, Iraq, Iran, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, United Republic of Tanzania, Mexico, Thailand, Serbia, Ethiopia, Eritrea (North East Africa), West Africa, Southern Africa and North and South American countries [5]. Defluoridation of drinking water is essential to protect the human life from fluoride contaminated water [6]
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