Renewed Concepts for Electric Charge, Electric Current and Magnetic Charge by the Energy Circulation Theory

Abstract

The existing electromagnetism (EM) expects isolated elementary electric charges [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text], and allows their clusters [Formula: see text]. If such isolated charges were possible, a notable force should have worked between electrodes of batteries. However, we practically cannot detect a force between electrodes of adjacent two cells or those of a capacitor. This is critical and requests a drastic correction of key concepts in EM. According to our proposed energy circulation theory, the electric charge is the momentum in the hidden dimension of the 4D space. The electric force is a presentation of the fundamental force that works based on momentums. The elementary charge [Formula: see text] of an electron is not a point charge but spreads even until its counter such as a proton. Plus and minus charges align alternately with the interval [Formula: see text] same as the diameter of a quantum particle. The elementary charge e is not the minimum charge but the maximum charge. The force within a prolonged electric charge pair is same as that expected by the standard EM. However, the charges at the two ends are as small as about [Formula: see text], and hardly affect an electrostatic force with an outside charge. This is the reason why an electrostatic force does not work between an electrode of a cell and that of another cell. Here in this paper, we claim to express the electric current by the energy of electric polarization instead of the electric charge. As a unit of polarization energy, we newly define the polar charge, by which we express the electric current. We further define the magnetic charge as a momentum in space dimensions of a hidden–space-dimensional energy circulation. It is a vector charge in the 3D space while the electric charge is a scalar charge. We demonstrate how a rotation of magnetic charges is induced and derive the equation of magnetic charge density around the electric current.