On What Dark Matter Is and the Non-existence of Dark Energy

Abstract

Since the concept of dark matter and dark energy was proposed, it is still unclear what its essence is. This paper will discuss the nature of dark matter and dark energy based on the dualism and its derivative theories or viewpoints. In the process of photon degradation to eight-subphotons in the edge region of sub-galaxy force, the traction force is superimposed on the gravity of adjacent sub-galaxies. Then the so-called dark matter is the dormant generalized photon in space. In addition to the previously known factors, there are three other types of redshift of light waves, namely, low density of space photons, photon degradation and strong light interference. Therefore, it is also concluded that the farther away from the observer, the greater the redshift, without assuming that dark energy drives the expansion of the universe — energy cannot be continuously generated out of thin air.