Renewable-based electrification for remote locations. Does short-term success endure over time? A case study in Peru

Abstract

Stand-alone electrification systems based on renewable energies are suitable for electrifying isolated rural communities. After some years of operation, their impact on the development of beneficiaries must be evaluated; in order to understand the strengths and weaknesses of each design option and to learn useful lessons for future projects. The literature lacks a unified study that compares the long-term impact on population of several projects combining different options for electricity generation (solar PV, wind and hydro) and distribution (microgrids and individual systems). In this context, this work performs a two-phase assessment of 9 electrification projects combining different systems and located in 6 rural Peruvian communities. First, a qualitative analysis is performed to monitor the progress experienced by the communities, considering previous evaluations carried out shortly after the projects’ implementation. Second, an in-depth analysis of the systems and the development of the communities is quantitatively performed through 28 indicators, evaluating 9 sustainability objectives organised into 4 dimensions: technical, social, economic and environmental. The results show that microgrid projects require and encourage community involvement to promote effective maintenance of the shared equipment. Conversely, individual systems can work for longer periods without as much regular maintenance, but still need an efficient management model to raise funds for repairs. Also, hydro is confirmed as providing continuous and high-quality supply, while solar and wind options allow more flexible designs. In all cases, a well-planned management model is essential for reducing the default rate, organizing effective maintenance and allowing the sustainable development of the community.