Abstract
An effective process to remove nitrogen-based compounds from fossil fuels without harming the process of sulfur removal is an actual gap in refineries. A success combination of desulfurization and denitrogenation processes capable of completely removing the most environmental contaminates in diesel under sustainable conditions was achieved in this work, applying polyoxometalates as catalysts, hydrogen peroxide as oxidant, and an immiscible ionic liquid as an extraction solvent. The developed process based in simultaneous oxidative desulfurization (ODS) and oxidative denitrogenation (ODN) involved initial extraction of sulfur and nitrogen compounds followed by catalytic oxidation. Keggin-type polyoxomolybdates revealed much higher reusing capacity than the related polyoxotungstate. Effectively, the first catalysts practically allowed complete sulfur and nitrogen removal only in 1 h of reaction and for ten consecutive cycles, maintaining the original catalyst and ionic liquid samples.
Highlights
Long-term energy outlooks agree that fossil fuels will remain the dominant energy for at least more two decades, since the demand for energy is increasing with the growth of the world’s population, economy, and increasing living standards
The utilization of fossil fuels without purification poses a devastating effect on the environment and humans, mainly because of the emission of sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from SCs and
Solution 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded in CD3 CN or D2 O at 162 MHz with a Bruker Avance III 400 spectrometer, and the chemical shifts are given with respect to external 85% H3 PO4
Summary
Long-term energy outlooks agree that fossil fuels will remain the dominant energy for at least more two decades, since the demand for energy is increasing with the growth of the world’s population, economy, and increasing living standards. Fossil fuels will be the main energy source for the near future. Motor vehicles powered on fossil fuels are among the major sources of air pollution in urban areas [2,3]. Fuels such as fuel oil, jet fuel, gasoline, diesel, etc., contain various pollutants, with the sulfur- and nitrogen-based organic compounds (SCs and NCs, respectively) as the majority of the contaminants [4]. The utilization of fossil fuels without purification poses a devastating effect on the environment and humans, mainly because of the emission of sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from SCs and NCs, respectively [5,6]. The global impact of SOx emissions resulting from the burning of fossil fuels has led to the imposition of environmental restrictions for the sulfur level in transportation fuels (10 ppm in EU) [7,8]
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